Mental Workload Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT

Introduction It has been acknowledged that people are subjected to different levels of mental workload (MWL) at their work places. Different jobs are associated with different tasks, responsibilities and social interactions. This, in its turn, leads to different levels of MWL (Leka Houdmont, 2010). In the first place, it is important to define the concept of MWL. Wickens (2008) notes that the concept characterizes â€Å"the demand imposed by tasks on the human’s limited mental resources, whether considered as single or multiple† (p. 452).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers try to evaluate the levels of MWL associated with different jobs, to increase effectiveness of employees and reduce anxiety, job dissatisfaction and address various negative effects (Sassaroli et al., 2008). To take a closer look at different factors influencing levels of MWL, it is possible to focus on particular jobs. The present paper dwells upon such areas as nursing, air traffic management and IT. Thus, it is possible to analyse such jobs as the nurse practitioner at geriatric nursing home, the en route air traffic controller and the IT professional. Different factors influencing MWL are examined for each job. The present paper also contains some recommendations concerning decreasing the level of MWL for one of the jobs. Factors Contributing to MWL Researchers single out various factors contributing to MWL. For instance, Rafnsdottir et al. (2004, p. 51) mention such factors as time pressure, dissatisfactory communication with colleagues, supervisors or clients, â€Å"dissatisfaction with the hierarchy at work† as well as violence and harassment at workplace. Rubio et al. (2004) focus on such factors as objective difficulty of tasks fulfilled and employees’ attitude towards their tasks. Metzg er and Parasuraman (2005) also take into account such factor as employees’ self-confidence. As far as the jobs mentioned above are concerned, it is possible to define particular factors contributing to MWL. IT professionals may be exposed to several factors contributing to MWL. In the first place, tasks completed by IT professionals may be monotonous at times. Notably, monotonous work is regarded as one of the factors contributing to MWL as people get mentally tired (Leka Houdmont, 2010). IT professionals may also experience lack of communication and social interactions. Admittedly, social interactions provide employees with the necessary relaxation at workplace, distracting employees from their tasks and giving the necessary rest to their brains. As for the tasks themselves, the complexity of the task can also contribute to MWL. Thus, when an employee cannot cope with a task, he/she feels anxiety, stress and job dissatisfaction. As for the en route air traffic controllers, there are specific factors to examine. Loft et al. (2007) note that this job is associated with quite high level of MWL. The major factors contributing to MWL are time pressure, the necessity to make a lot of quick and correct decisions, interactions with others (pilots, controllers, etc.).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More En route air traffic controllers experience considerable level of MWL due to the objective complexity of their tasks. Nonetheless, people who have the necessary skills, knowledge and have the necessary experience do not feel job dissatisfaction or fatigue as they have the necessary tools to handle tasks. Finally, nurse practitioners at geriatric nurse homes have to cope with high levels of MWL. The major factors contributing to MWL are psychological, to great extent. Rafnsdottir et al. (2004) report that these employees often feel dissatisfaction as they feel they do not fully meet patients’ as well as managers’ expectations. Besides, nurse practitioners are exposed to anxiety patients feel, and to their sufferings. Nurse practitioners have to comfort people who have really serious, painful and often terminal diseases. It can be psychologically difficult to work in such conditions. Different Levels of MWL The jobs mentioned above have quite different levels of MWL due to peculiarities of the jobs. The three jobs presuppose different tasks, different levels of responsibility and different levels of communication. Thus, IT professionals work with machines and communicate with their colleagues (the majority of their time they spend communicating with other IT professionals). En route air traffic controllers have to handle much higher degree of responsibility. They are responsible for lives of many people. They also have to communicate with different professionals. En route air traffic controllers have to be very precise, organized and attentive. However, it is necessary to note that they still communicate with other people through machines, which creates certain alienation. Nurse practitioners have to communicate with many people (patients, other practitioners, managers, patients’ relatives) in person. These employees are exposed to really hard feelings. They have to see suffering of people. At that, nurse practitioners cannot always alleviate patients’ sufferings. These factors make this job really difficult. Among the three jobs, this job has the highest level of MWL. Recommendations One of the major factors that contribute to MWL is dissatisfaction because of inability to â€Å"harmonize the demands and expectations of patients/employees/supervisors† (Rafnsdottir et al., 2004, p. 51). It is possible to address this problem. Thus, it is possible to launch special training. This training will presuppose gaining professional knowledge and sharing experience. Apart from gaining new skills and knowledge, nurse practitioners will be able to obtain self-confidence. They can obtain hope that all difficulties can be handled.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from this, it can be also helpful to launch team building and recreation activities for nurse practitioners. Barbecues, sport competitions, concerts, etc. can help nurse practitioners relax. These activities can involve nurse practitioners only, or these could be combined teams (nurse practitioners, patients, supervisors, relatives, etc.). Positive emotions will help employees handle various negative factors they are exposed to at work place. It is also important to make sure nurse practitioners can obtain the necessary psychological assistance when necessary. Finally, it can be effective to monitor nurse practitioners’ job satisfaction several tim es a year. This will help researchers learn more about factors contributing to MWL. It will also help them come up with possible steps to decrease the level of MWL in this field. More so, it can also help work out general steps to decrease levels of MWL at different workplaces. Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that different jobs have different levels of mental workload. These differences are due to different levels of responsibility and peculiarities of each job. Admittedly, there are various factors contributing to MWL, e.g. monotonous work, overcomplicated tasks, time pressure, etc. However, jobs involving a lot of communication and social interactions have high levels of MWL. For instance, the profession of the nurse practitioner presupposes high levels of MWL as these employees have to see other people’s suffering, which is associated with significant psychological pressure. However, it is possible to decrease the level of MWL by launching specific training courses, team building and recreation activities. It can be effective to provide psychological assistance to nurse practitioners. Reference List Leka, S., Houdmont, J. (2010). Occupational health psychology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons. Loft, S., Sanderson, P., Neal, A., Mooij. (2007). Modeling and predicting mental workload in en route air traffic control: Critical review and broader implications. Human Factors, 49(3), 376-399.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Metzger, U., Parasuraman, R. (2005). Automation in future air traffic management: Effects of decision aid reliability on controller performance and mental workload. Human Factors, 47(1), 1-15. Rafnsdottir, G.L., Gunnarsdottir, H.K., Tomasson, K. (2004). Work organization, well-being and health in geriatric care. Work, 22, 49-55. Rubio, S., Diaz, E., Martin, J., Puente J.M. (2004). Evaluation of subjective mental workload: A comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(1), 61-86. Sassaroli, A., Zheng, F., Hirshfield, L.M., Girouard, A., Solovey, E.T., Jacob, R.J.K., Fantini, S. (2008). Discrimination of mental workload levels in human subjects with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, 1(2), 227-237. Wickens, C.D. (2008). Multiple resources and mental workload. Human Factors, 50(3), 449-455. 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Law Enforcement Topics For Research Paper

Law Enforcement Topics For Research PaperThere are many law enforcement topics for research paper and most involve basic information on a specific type of police force. Each state has its own unique and specific forms of law enforcement, which is why it is very important to understand the details of your topic.In some states, their state police forces may be referred to as 'special purposes divisions', while in others they are referred to as the 'Division of Criminal Justice'. Each of these two terms represent the respective elements of a police force. For the purpose of this discussion, we will simply refer to them as police forces.The criminal justice divisions that are included in each state are usually referred to as the criminal justice divisions by the state agencies and officers that work with them. The details of each type of law enforcement unit can differ slightly from one state to another, which can make it difficult to compare between them in terms of their overall nature and capabilities.In many states, there is only one type of police force in the jurisdiction. Some of these types of police forces include the 'State Criminal Police'Specialized Criminal Enforcement Units' (SCEU). They can also include, in some cases, the National Criminalistics Units, which can work to handle crime that happens within the state of origin. Additionally, the state criminal enforcement units can include the Court Security Units, which is part of the court system and serves to protect judges and other court personnel from individuals who may be working to intimidate or threaten them.Each type of law enforcement unit comes from a specific group of people who work together to carry out the assigned duties. This means that they can carry out their duties more efficiently when they are put together in specific groups and are given specific roles and responsibilities. Also, some police forces that are part of a single jurisdiction actually work together with some other type s of law enforcement forces in other jurisdictions.A 'specialized police force' works better in a context where there is a number of other specialized units that operate in conjunction with the specific police force. The example of this would be the Drug Enforcement Administration and the FBI, both of which work together in carrying out their various missions. These agencies are not police forces themselves, but they collaborate with each other to accomplish specific missions.One of the most common types of law enforcement topics for research paper that has to do with law enforcement that involves larger law enforcement agencies is the one where each law enforcement agency is compared to other types of law enforcement in their jurisdiction. Each state's police force is compared to a number of other types of law enforcement officers from other states. This helps to illustrate how similar the law enforcement officials in each state are and how they work in concert with one another to ensure public safety.The details of law enforcement topics for research paper can be found on the Internet. Since so much data is available online, it is easier than ever to find and analyze the law enforcement topics for research paper that you need in order to help with your research paper.

How to Start an Autobiography Essay For College

How to Start an Autobiography Essay For CollegeIf you're planning on writing a how to start an autobiography essay for college, then read this article to learn how to properly structure your essay. It will help you make the most of your time when you read it and will allow you to take advantage of using a format that's easier to read and analyze.There are a few steps to how to start an autobiography essay for college. First, write down the main purpose for writing the essay. For example, if you're a parent and you want to learn how to start an autobiography essay for college, the main reason would be to teach your child about life.Write this paragraph using different numbers for each chapter. After you get through this section, you can move on to how to start an autobiography essay for college. This way, you can see how well your writing skills and experience will translate to the subject matter.If you can think of anything else, you can change it in the middle or at the end of the c hapter. The best part about doing this is that you can even end up with more material. All you have to do is rearrange things a little bit, and you'll see what I mean. You can also rearrange your paragraphs, and you'll find it easier to write at a better level.Start your how to start an autobiography essay for college by sharing some personal stories. This should be an exercise in developing good writing skills. Once you've mastered the basics, then you can move on to your next step. This is to figure out how to take your story and turn it into an autobiography.Let's take a look at how to start an autobiography essay for college with personal stories. While the first person perspective may be more appropriate, there are a few people who prefer the third person. It really depends on how you feel about the person, and if you have any misconceptions about them. Once you have a good understanding of how to start an autobiography essay for college, then you can move on to the next step.W hen you're going over how to start an autobiography essay for college, you can start by breaking down the chapter. Then you can break down the section into one paragraph, and you can list the main points and add in a couple of anecdotes from them. Don't worry about making it too long or too short. You just want to grab your reader's attention so they can pick up the idea.By now, you should know how to start an autobiography essay for college. Writing an autobiography is not only difficult but it's also a serious topic to write about. That's why you have to start from the ground up by learning about the topic.

Using College Essay Examples

Using College Essay ExamplesUsing college essay examples can make writing a final exam a little easier. That's because most students understand the difference between an essay and a journal entry. College essays require grammar, reading comprehension, and writing technique all rolled into one.There are many college essay examples on the internet that students can use. You just need to find one that appeals to you and which you think you will use on your paper. The two most common kinds of examples you will find online are using the word and logos.I would first like to tell you about me. The college essay example used the word e in my own test. The first time that I used it in my essay I had no idea what he meant, so I typed it as if it were a normal word. What I came up with was embarrassing. The first time that I used the word I in my essay, I typed it as if it were a normal word.I mean, look at this sentence: 'Winnie-the-Pooh had his imagination run away with him.' Does this make s ense? It's the kind of thing that you would say in your own letter of recommendation for your mom.My next example is using the logo e. I decided to write an essay using the word and logos because I knew that I would not use the word e anywhere in my essay. I'm not going to use logos in my letter of recommendation because the word means something completely different than these that I found in my final essay.So I decided to use the words and logos instead of e. Now, I know that I'm not going to use the word and inmy final essay, but I felt that it would be a little different. It would help me write my college essay example a little easier. Plus, the logos would make the statement in my essay even more powerful.Of course, the best way to find good college essay examples is to look for them on a website that is affiliated with writing websites. The administrators of these websites have a great deal of experience with writing an essay. They know exactly how to write an effective essay. Because of this, the writers of these websites often post examples that work.Use these examples as a guide to help you create a very effective essay example. Make sure that you are writing from the point of view of the writer. I would suggest that you choose two different examples and use one in your final draft and then go back and use the other example in your letter of recommendation.

How to Focus on Your Preparation for Term Papers?

How to Focus on Your Preparation for Term Papers?While the simple fact that you need to have a proper MLA sentence structure for term papers is very important, it also serves as a great way to boost your grade. The right spelling, grammar and punctuation can mean a lot in a field like the English Language. So in order to prepare for your test or exam, make sure that you are familiar with proper MLA sentence structure for term papers. This article will give you some advice to make you focus on what needs to be done so that you will be ready for any test or exam.Proper MLA sentence structure for term papers is important so that you have no problems while reading. This is because the answer options in this format will contain spelling and punctuation mistakes. When you get all the information right, you will be able to get the word right and it will be more convincing in your mind that you understood the question.For exam preparation, you must also prepare your writing so that you can w rite the MLA sentence structure for term papers and leave no doubt about it. To do this, make sure that you understand the format and the style of each and every question. You should not do too much elaboration. Just to summarize the information and keep your content brief and simple.Make sure that the MLA sentence structure for term papers and essay questions do not have too many words. The main idea should be the same in each question. Also, avoid taking any kind of details from any question in this format. Do not use any adjectives such as great, good, smart, brilliant, etc.A multiple choice question is an excellent example of a way of writing this type of essay. In this format, the correct way of writing will be to fill in the answer choices in ascending order, starting with the first one. Your paragraph should be as short as possible without going over the limitations of the question. It should not exceed two lines and should be no longer than eight words in length.If you are r equired to answer some kind of a multiple choice question, you must make sure that you write the correct form. You will not want to compromise your writing because of the question. Otherwise, you may get wrong answers and this could put your job and writing in jeopardy.The MLA sentence structure for term papers for the majority of students who are struggling to prepare their writing skills for their exams is very important. The tips mentioned above will definitely help you to focus on your preparation.