Navigation v Conventional Techniques for Orthopaedic Surgery

soaring v effected Techniques for Orthopaedic SurgeryBone Cutting, Soft weave Balancing Cup Implant, Leg Length Discrepancy navigation vs. Conventional proficiency.IntroductionIn last decade, navigated introduceation has become very common and utilize in diverse areas of orthopedic surgeries. This may be in total knee prosthesis, total pelvic arch arthroplasty and to restore tholepin discrepancies. from each one(prenominal) above surgeries require an accurate alignment of the engraft, which is essential for implants long bourn survival. This is evident from the fact that in total knee permutation (TKR) surgeries decent osmium diagonalting is necessary 1, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) requires correct sonant thread balancing 2, appropriate implantation of instill and stem in total rose hip arthroplasty (THA) 3, correcting forking discrepancies in total hip replacement (THR) 4. Navigation system developed improves the reproducibility over accomplished methods a nd assists surgeons with info for optimal position of implant to each individual diligent. 2, 3It was hypothesized that seafaring aided technique would result in achieving bone cut accuracy, weaken touchy tissue balancing, good implant of cup and stem and deepen vocalize reconstruction and control in tholepin duration dissimilarity as compared to convention solelyy used methods.MethodsTo show place sentence and bone cut accuracy in total knee replacement (TKR).Study come to 40 patients (23 females, 17 males) assigned randomly to TKR mental process victimisation twain stately (n=20, mean patient age= 67.3 years) or Pivotal (n=20 mean patient age= 69.1 years) pillowcase stymies. Primary indication for working(a) treatment was osteoarthritis (n=36), rheumatoid arthritis (n=3) and secondary smudgetraumatic gonarthrosis after tibial plateau fracture (n=1). solely cases had posterior stabilized system with standard patellar component. The surgical approach used was mesial parapatellar (n=8) or midvastus (n=32) approach. The implants used during the adjoin were Scorpio PS (n=7), Scorpio Flex (n=20), Next Gen LPS (n=10) and LPS Flex Mobile bearing systems (n=4) rigid to bones by pins and screws. Accurate positioning was obtained by using gliding system. Block position was finalized by surgeon using this navigation system. statistical resistences in time and cut angles were measured by Mann-Whitney stress ( 2-tailed SPSS for Windows, mutant 11.5). The significance level was set at p 0.05 for all in all analyses. 1To test downy tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA).The discipline included 120 patients navigation assisted possible action-balancing (n=60) conventional resection technique (n=60), enrolled and randomise using reckoner-generated numbers. An inclusion criterion was substantial pain and loss of function imputable to osteoarthritis of knee, with any stage of knee varum deformity. An exclusion criterion was genu valgum deformity, earlier knee surgery that required removal of metallic implant, or revision of TKA. Four patients were lost to obey up and at that placefore excluded from study. All surgeries were done by single surgeon. Both patient pigeonholingings showed no earthshaking leavings in terms of demographic characteristics, knee functions, preoperative hospital-for-special-surgery (HSS) scores and degree of preoperative deformity. Follow up period was stripped-down 24 months post-surgery (mean come through up = 28 months). Surgical technique was similar in all patients consisting of midline skin incision and a average parapatellar approach. Gap meter was done at full extension and at 90 of crease on medial and asquint pass sides of knee pronounce and defined as medial extension pause (MEG), medial plication gap (MFG), lateral extension gap (LEG), and lateral fold gap (LFG).Clinical expiry sagacity was measured by HSS and ranges of doubtfulness (ROM) scores at lat est follow up. All patients went through pre and post-operative (3months after surgery) standing skiagraphic assessment of AP and lateral views of entire lower outgrowth. Students t-test or MannWhitney U tests was used for comparison of four variables in study, postoperative post-operative windup(prenominal) axes, HSS scores, and ROMs, between the twain groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of proportion of outliers (trapezoidal gaps) in symmetric gap and mechanical axis. 2To Test good implant of cup and stem in Total articulatio coxae Arthroplasty (THA)The study mired 84 patients in twain groups Navigated (42) Nonnavigated (42), with surgeries accomplished by investigator. Implant position was evaluated in post-operative anteroposterior radiography 2-3months after ability surgery. Pelvic radiographs were taken in standing position of patient. Operated hip joints categorize on basis of preoperative radiographs in three subgroups Group 1 preoperative leg impr ovidentening (5 mm) Group 2 preoperative leg distance compeerity (5 mm) Group 3 preoperative perpetuation of the operated leg (5 mm). Projected values for caput collum diaphysis (CCD) classified in three subgroups 135. If any change in leg length was measured using distal line between teardrop material body and proximal corner of the littleer trochanter as an anatomical landmark. Scaling of pre and post-operative radiographs was remoteness between deuce teardrops and the head diameter of the hip replacement. Radiographic cup positions were measured for inclination with watch over to teardrop line. All surgeries were done when patient was in 30 to 45 position. Any complication aroused during intraoperative and post operation was documented. General data (CCD angle, age, BMI) for both groups were compared as per Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric values and chi-square test for distribution of operated leg, gender and indication. 3To Test enhanced joint reconstruction and co ntrol in leg length deviationRetrospective study involved 44 patients divided in two groups A (n=22 navigation/computer assisted THR) B (n=22 conventional assuage hand THR). Inclusion criteria involved patients with BMI 2 cm), or a major deformity of the femoral head or make love were excluded from study. Each patient in group A was matched in group B. This matching was done on basis of age (max remnant +3 years), sex, arthritis level, preoperative diagnosis, and preoperative branch length discrepancy (max difference. + 0.3 cm). The length of involved limbs was less than or equal to that of the contralateral limb in all cases. The two groups were also compared according to hip function and number of postoperative dislocations. The same posterolateral approach was made to the hip joint in both groups, and the same prosthesis was used in all cases. The duration of surgery was documented. Digital radiographs (as per standardised protocol using same magnification) were used for pre and post-operative measurements of limb length discrepancy and femoral offset. Radiographs were repeated if any mistake detected and these radiographs were assessed by independent radiologist blinded to original procedure. All episodes of hip dislocation were documented. At minimum follow-up of 3 months clinical outcome was evaluated using Harris articulatio coxae score. statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS for Windows wipe out 11.0. Differences between two groups were measured using independent Students t-test or Mann-Whitney nonparametric test depending on the data distribution of the continuous variables. 4ResultsPivotal block consumed approximately half the time to adjust saw blade and perform proximal tibial and anterior and femoral resections as compared to conventional block. statistically significant difference was observed in Pivotal and conventional blocks with respect to angular difference between instrument slots and resultant bone cuts in frontal plane. Also, Pivotal blocks eliminated angular differences 1. 1The mean intraoperative gap in conventional resection technique group for MFG (medial flexion gap) was significantly greater (24 3 mm) than navigation assisted (NA) gap-balancing (22 3 mm) (p = 0.028), but other three gaps (LFG, MEG, and LEG) did not differ significantly between the two groups (p = 0.167, 0.693, and 0.471, respectively). Statistical significant difference was seen in terms of kind of gaps in both groups NA group, 88% (53 knees) - angular gaps and 12% (7knees)-trapezoidal gaps. Whereas in conventional group 75% (42 knees) -rectangular gaps and 25% (14knees) had trapezoidal gaps. great difference in medial gap difference (MGD MFG-MEG) outliers in conventional group (23%) than NA group (5%) (p = 0.025). No difference was noticed in average postoperative mechanical axis of lower limb between NA and conventional group (1 2 vs. 1 3 p=0.558). Greater number of outliers were seen in mechanical axis (183 or Statis tical difference was noted in patients age at time THA, with p value slightly below 0.05. evidentiary difference was seen during radiologic analysis of cup position Non-navigated 53, SD 8.1 Navigated 44, SD 5.6, p135. No implant related or navigation technology related complications and no joint dislocations in both groups were noted. 3There was no statistically significant difference in patient demographics. In both groups preoperative limb length discrepancy, no significant differences were noted. (0.9 cm navigation/computer assisted THR vs. 1.1cm free hand/conventional THR). Mean surgical time was 102.6 min, comparatively longitudinal in navigation/computer assisted THR than free hand/conventional THR (87.7 min) Statistically significant difference was seen in mean postoperative leg length discrepancy of 0.4 cm in navigation/computer assisted THR to that of 0.8 cm (free hand/conventional THR). There were no cases of postoperative cases with leg length discrepancy 1.0 cm 2.0 c m for navigation/computer assisted THR. However, in 9% cases (2patients) postoperative cases with leg length discrepancy 1.0 cm was noted and 3patients (13.6%) had postoperative over lengthening mean of 0.4 cm in Free hand/conventional THR group. Recreation of femoral offset check in navigation/computer assisted THR than free hand/conventional THR group. Preoperative and postoperative femoral offset difference less in navigation/computer assisted THR than free hand/conventional THR, which was statistically significant. No statistically significant differences in Harris informed Score in both groups. 4DiscussionThe comparison of patient groups in navigated and non-navigated techniques may be a possible method for obtaining useful tuition regarding various orthopaedic surgeries. In our studies long term survival of prosthesis can be improved by accurate positioning of implant. This can save time and improve accuracy of the procedure.Klima, 2008 showed pivotal blocks used during su rgery improved bone cuts and reduced time for positioning and adjustment by nearly 50%. In addition, navigation technique used allowed initial positioning to be achieved in 5-10 seconds. Also, navigation system indicated that all patients were within 3 in frontal plane angular bone cut deviations of ideal mechanical axis. Conventional blocks used were found to be associated with some degree of motion during insertion of pins, but this was not the case with pivotal blocks. 1Lee. et al, 2010 showed, soft tissue balance can be achieved by having equal extension and flexion gaps after bone cutting and no inclination between medial and lateral bony surfaces. Any error in bone cutting can affect overall postoperative mechanical alignment and quicken of wear process. In study it was found that use of navigation head gap balancing technique improved in creating accuracy of rectangular space between bones as compared to conventional measured resection technique. tho 12% (7 of 60 patients) in navigation TKAs had outliers of 3mm either medially or laterally in extension gap or 90 flexion were seen as compared to conventional TKAs (25%) 14 of 56 patients. As compared to earlier studies, this study had outliers of the medial and lateral compartments together. There was no significant gap differences (FGD, EGD, and LGD) in both navigation assisted and conventional groups, in spite of that navigation steer technique proved to be more reliable in attaining equal joint gaps as there were small proportion of outliers in that group. Significant difference was seen in medial gap difference (MGD) in two groups. There were limited outliers in MGD observed and moreover navigation technique can be easily reproduced as compared to conventional technique, so this prevents inessential any over release of medial soft tissue during TKA. In addition, navigation system helped surgeon in correcting any kind of deformed alignment. Clinical outcomes were similar to both groups even though navigation group showed more accurate gap balancing than conventional group. This can be attributed to the fact that relatively small amount of asymmetry in soft tissue balancing in conventional group. Also, both groups had relatively short term follow up and inaccurate scoring system. The study had some(prenominal)(prenominal) limitations during gap measurement patella was in laterally everted position, which is not anatomically correct. Ligament balancing was not taken in consideration. Gap measurements was done by surgeon who performed operation in the study, this may have led to bias. 2In a study by Mainard, 2008 showed that comparing navigated and non-navigated techniques can lead to information about benefits and any improvement required for position of implant. In this study, there was a clear and significant improvement of acetabular cup positioning by use of THA navigation. In both methods average total limb lengthening of operated joint was below 10mm (9.2 mm Non-navigat ed, 8.5 mm Navigated ), i.e. below clinical relevance value and comparable to other studies (mean lengthening 7mm). Mean post-operative limb discrepancy is close to 5 mm (6.2mm Non-Navigated 4.4mm Navigated) comparable to 3.9 mm in other study with patient pool of 420. This study however had several limitations retrospective in nature Measurements of implant position are less accurate than CT based measurements Radiologic and ante-version taken in standing positions with anteroposterior radiographs (not to fall out deviation of 5 mm compared with CT) Limb length data of un-operated hip joint is small (+ 1.3 mm- navigated -1.3mm nonnavigated) Cup position measurements unimproved as patients radiograph is not in standing position No change in leg lengthening data using navigated or non-navigated technique. 3In a study by Confalonieri, et al, 2008 showed that to resurface hip arthroplasty short stem prostheses is an showy alternative option with same selected indications. In this s tudy 22 patients in each group were match paired using same modular short stemmed femoral component. Strict criteria were adhered to achieve the match. At minimum follow up of 3 months after surgical intervention results showed computer navigation provided better results in correction of limb length discrepancy and restoring original offset. However, there were few limitations associated with the study Retrospective patients were not randomized short follow up small number of cases in each group (hence, no clinical difference detected and findings for improvement in dislocation risk). 4ConclusionFrom above studies it can be concluded that assumption correct indications navigation guided technique is a minimally encroaching(a) surgical option and is significantly better than conventionally used technique in orthopaedic surgeries which proves our original hypothesis. Though it might take a little longer time but can give better and improved results in bone cutting, soft tissue balan cing, acetabular implant and correction of limb length discrepancy and restoring original offset depending on patient anatomy. Further research in this area is still directed.ReferencesKlima S, Zeh A, Josten C Comparison of operative time and accuracy using conventional dictated navigation cutting blocks and adjustable Pivotal TM cutting blocks calculator Aided Surgery, July 2008 13(4) 225232.Lee DH Park JH Song DI Padhy D Jeong WK Han SB accuracy of soft tissue balancing in TKA comparison between navigation-assisted gap balancing and conventional measured resection Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc (2010) 18381387.Mainard D, Navigated and Nonnavigated Total Hip Arthroplasty Results of Two Consecutive Series Using a Cementless Straight Hip Stem Orthopedics Oct 2008 31 (10) 22-26.Confalonieri N Manzotti A Montironi F Pullen C Leg Length Discrepancy, Dislocation Rate, and Offset in Total Hip Replacement Using a Short Modular Stem Navigation vs Conventional Free-hand Orthopedics O ct 2008 31 (10) 35-39.1

Evolution of Escalator and Elevator Advertising

Evolution of moving staircase and Elevator AdvertisingIn a noisy, media satu postd and distracted consumer environment, the cosmetic surgery and moving stairway advertisements ignites curiosity and fires demand for guest strike outs through integrated alternative marketing technologies that authentically engage and truly influence consumers.It work in abeting clients r each(prenominal) consumers, surprising and unconventional charges.The companies should rejoinder benefit of rhytidoplastys by marketing their products and services. The elevator is ever crowd with populate, and these concourse may be one day ordain be a potential customers because of that advertisements. the elevator is transferring people every day. In more(prenominal) or less cases the transferring will continue 24/7 now in the twenty-first century the elevator advertisements is a successful prick for advertisement. In my mind, its the close stiff marionette in the novel century. Because in t he recent days, some people espically the young peopleDont like to read, watch the usuall advertisements and listen to tuner advertisment. The elevator advertisements should be yeasty and attracting in the way that will defend the people attention. In Saudi Arabia these kinds of advertisements ar non popular. The elevator advertisements argon non costly and actually it is a cost in force(p). In my opinion if use propably, it will make a reveloution in the advertisement world. A few numbers of researches has been conducted about this result. The elevator advertisement is a strong rotating shaft for attracting the people. Because they dont have any alternatives except looking to your advertisment. So in that location is no run away from getting the idea of your advertisment.Type of elevator advertismentsOutside door denoteInside the elevator use brochoures or paintingOutside (outdoor) mediaInside (indoor) mediaSounds (inside the elevator)On the elevator buttons (outside and inside) seminal and modalityrnistic advertisments (costly).Outside (door)We had put a media advertisments outside the elevator during the waiting condemnation ( plosive consonant) for the elevator to come and transfer them. The survey shows that the majority of people ar looking to the elevator advertisment and the media which we had put it in that location.The survey shows that the majority of people be looking to the elevator advertisment and the media which we had put it outside the elevator during the waiting snip ( design) for the elevator to come and transfer them. So their eyes argon always looking to the elevator door. Therefore, why we cant use this powerful tool and in my opinion the most effective tool to market our products or services.(inside)The majority of people show that they get board in the period of transfering. So why cant we give them something interest like a media with music inside the elevator. Or we make the elevator more interesting with colou rs and brochures. Also in a survey we put an avertisment for a famous product in the elevator for the sake of the research and we asked each one of the respondents wheather it got their attention or not. And 93% of them saw that advertisments. So thither is no run away from seeing the advertisment. And when we put a polished screen for the media, it shows that 98% of the sample responds to that.( escalator ad)The majority shows that the escalator announce is very attractive and it attract the eyes.Types of escalator advertisingThere are umteen creative types of the escalator advertising and the most attractive on areBeside the escalator victimization a brochoures or any type of advertisments amongst the esclators using painting or drowingOn the escalator floor ( step) using a creative pictures on each one of the escalator travelAdvertising using the media (TV) on the top of escalator in the way of going up or going down.Using the sound advertising between the way of transferin g (it is not very effective)In the entrance and the go through of the essclatorOn the escalator banisters (it enables advertisements, dirting, and other non mutantctional communion physical to be easily applied to escalator handrails.)Also the escalator and the elevator are usually crowded and the riders are always changing, so your advertising will be for a different variety of people and different kinds of people with different ages and in like manner with different classes. So you will market you products or services for all the types of the people using an affordable and powerful tool for getting the riders attentions.What moving stairway Owners GainIncreased tax income at peripheral costUtilization of previously unproductive structuresBetter communication with ridersenhance location aesthetics and ambiance, leading to stronger customer relations and increased ridershipminimal involvement from escalator proprietorWhat the Riders gainImproved escalator mienMore interest ing environmentsSource of food for thoughtAntimicrobial protection for handrails, giving riders a sense of comfort and limiting riders exposure to hereditary diseaseWhat the Advertisers gainOpportunity to capture public attention with brand-new advertising platformMarketing avenue provides exalted school-impression frequencyInnovative ad placement to beat other marketing noiseNew mode of marketing to drive client buzzLong impression period as average rider is on escalator for 30 seconds spectacular medium for viral marketing(it enables advertisements, shoping, and other decorative communication material to be easily applied to escalator handrails. Easily communicate with riders at shopping malls, transit systems and airports during average rides of 30 seconds.)MethodologySampling 571 in the major cities of Saudi Arabia197 In the western neighbourhood (Jeddah, Makkah, Al Madinah and Al Taif)123 in the middle region106 in the eastern region86 in the northern region59 in the sou thern regionThe unit of analysis will be the people who are using the elevators and escalators regularly such as the people who are working in the shopping malls, airports, office building and hotels in the most crowded and busiest places.A questionair was employ to collect the data from the respondents.The people who are going to take the left will be extracted by this Ideas and creativety. In the short measure those advertisments will push them to read, see or listen to the advertising. Mostly the reverberate in the elevator was catch the attention of the riders and they spent time for reflection themselves.sometimes they will spent time watching the riders shows, looking to the floor screen in the elevator or seeing the people faces.It is the most effective for attracting the customers attention. Simply the riders are the stressed audience and they are surrounded by this media to entertain them. it is the key for a successful marketing. If used properly in the crowded elevato rs and escalator, it will be the most affordable and powerful tool for marketing you products or services.The most ideal locations for escalator and elevator advertisements (advertising) transferee hubs,convention centers,offices buildingshosbitals,hotels,department stores,airports,sports arenas,shopping malls and more.train stations,shopping centresIt is innovative and creativeIt is the best alternatives of other marketing strategies.Escalator Steps enables advertising, branding, and other decorative communication material to be easily applied to existing escalator steps.Easily communicate with customers in high density locations using this high impact medium.It is an innovative media solution.Why Advertising on Escalators?Benefits to Advertisers using Escalator Step AdvertisingMulti-Impact Impression Usage of Steps Escalator artwork will result in a high impact rate to pedestrians. Pedestrians will see as many as 50 steps as they ride escalators for over 30 seconds.Unrestricted Message length AapGlobal can tailor installation of graphic to popular escalator step models providing advertisers with large, high impact advertising spaces.High Impact twist point of purchase shoppers escalator step graphics do not compete with traditional media and capture audience attention before come in points of purchase.Targeted Escalator are usually located at points of purchase.Easy to recitation AapSteps fit easily in existing properties with minimal owner involvement.Non-Traditional AapSteps invites non traditional firms to place adverts in the out-of-home segmentIt is enjoyable up close or from a distanceBenefits to PropertiesAapStep is a unique, dynamic, scrolling advertising display which provides a source of incremental non-rental revenue while esthetically enhancing and modernizing a property.Companies can now put their advertisements in the hands of millions of economically active customers during average 30 second escalator rides.Escalator balustrade Ad vertising provides advertisers with an extremely effective new media, property owners with an additional revenue stream or branding opportunity and escalator riders with an engaging handrail that improves safety and comfort.The intelligent use of the elevators and taking benefits of the empty spaces.Your advertisments will procure your goals.Some of the ads are boring but these kinds of ads are different from others. It is not boringProperty ownersProperty owners have the opportunity to utilise Escalator or Elevator Media to generate new revenues from advertising gross sales, or as an effective way to increase internal branding or communication theory with escalator riders.As a new revenue streamEscalated Advertising, via merchandising Escalator or Elevator Media to advertisers, offers property groups the opportunity to generate straight advertising revenue with no risk.Advantages to Property ownersIn addition to make existing structures profitable, Escalator or the elevator Me dia, enhances the appearance, location aesthetics and also improves rider safety and comfort.For the companies which are always looking for highly effective and fresh media opportunities. Escalator and elevator Advertising provides a unique solution.the Creative looks on the elevator and escalator will really grabs peoples attentionEscalator and elevator Advertising dominates the environment, providing cut through even in a cluttered shopping centre.Reasons Escalator Handrail Media is a first picking for advertisers.Escalator Handrail Media offers significant advantages over traditional outdoor advertising. Benefits intromit30 seconds exposure to a captive audienceFrequently shoot mass audiences at targeted locations76% unprompted advertising recall30 meters of advertising that surrounds the consumerHands on advertising which is often unavoidable last to the point of purchaseEscalator and elevator advertising are perfective forIncreasing salesIncreasing foot concernIncreasing b rand exposureLaunching a new brandBuilding brand imageReinforcing other media at prime locationsDirecting escalator traffic flowWhat ever an advertisers goals Escalator and elevator advertising will help to achieve them.Escalator and elevator advertising is the perfect compliment to TV, marking and Radio, and is a must in any out of home campaign.It is fun and easy way to communicate, it can be used for branding, advertising or decoration.LimitationThere was a lack of information on this topic due to the fact that not much research as conducted on the elevator and escalator advertising. Hence secondary type sources did not elevate very precise information on this matter. Therefore, primary data skill methodologies like questionnaires and interviews had to be used in order to acquire the in demand(p) information in order to satisfy the research objectives.Although the ambient media field is starting to grow up and move away from the stunts that used to dominate, there are still a number of agencies with an eye for a considerable gimmick. Describes a number of outdoor innovations and explains that as consumers become more used to seeing advertising while they are out and about, outdoor companies are increasingly looking for opportunities to speak to the public when they least expect it. Comments on new technology such as digital escalator panels and elevator advertising.these new developments are only really working for entertainment brands at the moment.that are easier, quicker and cheaper to update, can be shared between more brands, offer flexibility in the messages that can be displayed and are by their nature more eye-catching.Esclator advertising allows extremely high visibility advertising in prime throughput locations enabling you to target shoppers, commuters, families and business people.It is a brand new opportunity.Elevator you can put a screen with a security camera to monitor what is going on in the elevatorNow there is a new media opportunit y, it is a dynamic new media that reaches the audience that always in demands. This media that teaches, moves and uniquely interact with its audience. It is an interactive, impactful and informative communicationSaudi Arabia community likes to explore and find the new things, the majority of the people there are economically active. It is a rich country and these kinds of advertising will be an opportunity for the companies which are looking for increasing their sales and marketing their products or services.You can put the advertising in the high traffic locations.

Psychosocial Effects On Dementia Carers

Psycho genial Effects On Dementia C atomic number 18rsDementia is a chronic, heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder which develops as a function of age, typically from 65 twelvemonths old, with symptoms ranging from soulfulnessality changes and losses of storage/intellect to severe reductions in mobility. Alzheimers disease is the most prevalent take form of mania (Cooper Greene, 2005). The diverse and deteriorating nature of the craziness process is uncontrollable and dramatically reduces suffers ability to perplexity for themselves independently, resulting in the need to be cared for, predominantly by informal carers, constituting family members oddly Spouses or children of the dementia diseased person. Consequently, the majority of dementia sick persons keep on life history at home (Rabins, Mace Lucas, 1982). Undoubtedly the role of sympathize with for a person living with dementia has forbid mental (Dura, Kiecolt-Glaser Stukenberg, 1990) and cordial grow ( Rabins et al.) on carers. nevertheless, amount of social support carers convey (Haley, Levine, cook Bartolucci, 1987), stage of the dementia process (Quinn, Clare, Pearce Dijkhuizen, 2008 Haley Pardo, 1989) and symptoms expressed (Kinney Stephens, 1989) mediate contradict psychosocial effectuate on carers. Psychosocial set up can be as well be imperious (Andren Elmstahl, 2005), with gender mediation (Fitting, Rabins, Lucas Eastham, 1986). validatory causes of psychosocial set up on carers are monetary strain (OShea, 2003) whilst effects of dementia on society in like manner cost (Wimo, Ljunggren Winblad, 1997).Firstly, in relation to psychological effects on carers of persons living with dementia, look into proposes behavioral symptoms expressed by dementia sufferers are the predominant cause of electronegative effects carers produce. Behavioural symptoms range from embarrassing public behaviour to self-harm, causing carers to be persistently aware of the dem entia sufferers actions which by and by induces psychological effects of focal point, anxiety, emotional upset and fatigue on carers (Dura et al., 1990). The dementia sufferers litigious temperament, violence towards carers and rejecting carers help also augments psychological filtrate and upset, with exhaustion as dementia sufferers often wake carers at night, augmenting further fatigue and thus stress (Rabins et al., 1982). In consequentially, following extensive periods of care (approximately 74months), psychological benefit of carers reduces dramatically with 30% expressing symptoms of effect, not existent prior to commencement of feel for (Dura et al.). Implying, induction of negative psychological effects on carers are a direct consequence of warmth for the person with dementia.Secondly, caring for a person with dementia induces negative social effects on carers with an average 30 of 55 carers field of studying feeling social-isolated as a consequence of fulltime car e, cod to restricted time available for social activities/friendships, to insufficient support from family members and also due to leaving fulltime employment, as the work place is a major basis for social-interaction. Considering, carers undergo these major life changes to care for the dementia sufferer it is not surprising they feel socially-isolated, especially when dementia sufferers communication abilities send away (Rabins et al., 1982) and feel ultimately trapped (Gaugler, Anderson, Zarit Pearlin, 2004). Further more(prenominal), social effects on carers shed light on the family relationship between caring for dementia sufferers and depression, as social closing off amplifies the luck of carers experiencing depressive symptomology. This is vilified by carers who receive social support, remain in clear up with social networks and partake in social activities and consequently report absence of depression, trim back stress and augmented satisfaction (Haley et al., 1987 ). Thus, effects on carers of persons living with dementia can be psychological and social psychosocial but await mediated by carers social situation. The stage of dementia is also basal (Quinn et al., 2008)Thirdly, severity of psychosocial effects on carers of persons living with dementia, calculate determined by the stage of dementia. As Quinn et al. (2008) proposed negative psychosocial effects on carers are at their peak of severity during early dementia stages due to drastic changes fetching place in carers lives, primarily, adapting to prevalent changes in the dementia sufferer and pass judgment changes in the relationship with the dementia sufferer with augment carers stress (Burns Rabins, 2000). Conversely, Haley and Pardo (1989) proposed negative psychosocial effects peak during later dementia stages, specifically augmented stress take aims and social isolation as carers role becomes increasingly demanding. Particularly, care of perfunctory needs, such as feeding a nd clothing due to dementia sufferers declining apathy due to the deteriorating progression of dementia. Also anxiety augments with fear of the dementia sufferers looming finale (Rabins et al., 1982). Moreover, it is comprehensible both early and latter dementia stages induce negative psychosocial effects on carers, although which stage carers distinguish to account for the majority of negative effects relies on individual differences. Especially as some carers conversely report later dementia stages to reduce negative psychosocial effects as behavioural symptoms become less adverse which whitethorn, be easier for some carers to take with. Furthermore, some carers even report satisfaction from aiding daily-needs of immobile dementia sufferers (Kinney Stephens, 1989). However, honest-to-god carers seemingly find out augmented psychological stress than do junior carers (Kiecolt-Glaser, Dura, Speicher, Trask Glaser, 1991) whereas younger carers experience augmented social-isol ation and rage, with all effects appearing worsened for women (Fittings et al., 1986).In view of these individual differences, two hypotheses are proposed to account for variableness in psychosocial effects experienced by carers. The firstWear and dart hypothesis predicts as symptoms of dementia sufferers worsen, so do carers stress and depression levels, subsequently affecting carers social life, inducing negative psychosocial effects which supports Haley and Pardo (1989) findings as suggestive of later dementia stages inducing greatest negative psychosocial effects on carers. Whereas the secondAdaptation-hypothesis predicts carers adapt to caregiving requirements and subsequently experience minify stress and change magnitude satisfaction over time, thus reduced negative and increased official psychosocial effects on carers (Townsend, Noelker, Deimling Bass, 1989). Accordingly, Townsend et al. indeed revealed the majority of adult-child carers 52% (averaging 47 years old), ac tually adapted overtime to their caregiving role, supporting earlier dementia stages as inductive of the most negative psychosocial effects, which accounted for both centralized and non-centralized caregivers. Although relationship between carer-dementia parent prior to caregiving mediated whether adaptation or pin occurred. Nevertheless, deciphering which carers require support during early or later stages of dementia may aid alleviation of negative psychosocial effects on carers of persons living with dementia (Townsend et al.). Although positive, psychosocial effects on carers are also account (Andren Elmstahl, 2005).Andren and Elmstahl (2005) report carers experience positive psychosocial effects, specifically, portrayals of positive behaviour and interaction with dementia sufferer is odoriferous for carers. Particularly because interaction is gratifying for the dementia sufferer which positively enhances carer wit decreasing negative psychosocial effects.. Although carers experiencing positive psychosocial effects appear to be those who perceive their caring ability positively and give birth established coping mechanisms such as talking to early(a)s virtually their feelings emotion-focused coping and learning more about what dementia is problem-focused coping/information seeking, particularly decreasing feelings of social isolation (Haley et al., 1987). However the carers Andren and Elmstahl assessed, received help from care nurses and only cared for the dementia sufferer around every two months, thus due to their limited involution and supplementary support, it is not surprising carers reported augmented positive as compared to negative psychosocial effects. Further suggesting time involvement as mediating negative psychosocial effects on carers, especially as OShea (2003) reported two-thirds of carers on the job(p) approximately 80 hours per calendar week caring for the person with dementia double the average working week, experienced caring to be highly stressful and felt pregnant social isolation due to extensive time devoted to caring. Carers reported they would exhibit greater satisfaction by receiving supplementary support allowing reduced working hours, which therefore supports Andren and Elmstahls findings. Although, O Shea reported 73% of carers do receive support from formal carers, suggesting lack of support from family members causes negative psychosocial effects or formal carers being strangers may augment carers stress (Burns Rabins, 2000). Even so, other variables require investigation, particularly monetary cost (O Shea, 2003).The cost of caring for a person living with dementia can be up to 630 per week and considering majority of carers leave employment or work fewer hours to care for the dementia sufferer carers are reported to averagely lose 200 per week. Consequently, two-thirds of carers report financial difficulties especially as only 30% of carers receive carers fee (OShea, 2003), thus induci ng psychological stress due to financial strain. Furthermore, caring for a dementia sufferer at home saves society 6billion per year which stresses the high cost of dementia care being absorbed by carers which undoubtedly increases carers psychological stress. On-the-other-hand carers may merely desire recognition in the form of payment from society for their challenging role as a carer, as it seems stress is induced on carers due to feeling cut by society (O Shea). Considering many carers stated that they would receive satisfaction from tho 2.40 an hour, suggests recognition of carers duties with a small financial payment may exchange negative psychosocial effects on carers to positive. Without this payment, society potentially face problems by inheriting the bulk cost of dementia care if carers struggle to have it off and resort to early institutionalization of the dementia sufferer, which is reported to cost $166 per day in America (Wimo et al., 1997). On-the-other-hand, inst itutionalizations may reduce negative psychosocial effects on carers (Gaugler, thunder mug and Zarit, 2007).Gaugler et al. (2007) reported alleviation of carers psychological stresses associated with daily aiding of dementia sufferers and social effects associated with social isolation due to constant care when dementia sufferers are placed in nursing homes. However these effects are reduced only temporarily as carers consequentially report psychological effects of guilt of institutionalizing the dementia sufferer, which suggests, even after their central role as a carer ends, psychological effects still remain. Although compared to nursing homes, group-living homes are knowing to resemble the typical home and Colvez, Joel, Ponton-Sanchez and Royer (2002) found carers to experience less psychological stress associated with guilt when placing the dementia sufferer into group-living homes. Possibly because they are more sociable, granting dementia sufferers a better quality of life which feeds-back positively to carers. However this does not seem consistent for all carers (Boekhorst et al., 2008). Nevertheless, group-living homes may be an treatment to reduce negative psychosocial effects on carers. Interventions are also essential, particularly as co-existence of negative psychosocial effects on carers appear to enhance probability of physiological effects on carers such as ill health (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991). Moreover, carers may benefit from training in how to stiffly care for a dementia sufferer and knowledge of the nature of the dementia deterioration may make caregiving less stressful by increasing carers awareness and predictability of the dementia process (OShea, 2003). Personally, assigning a mentor to carers may teach effective ways of caring whilst simultaneously providing them with support, attacking both psychological and social effects on carers of persons living with dementia. Although individual carer assessments may be demand to ensur e interventions are targeted at reducing the psychosocial effects particular carers experience (Rabins et al., 1982).Overall, it is prominent that caring for persons living with dementia is a demanding role with various, predominantly negative psychological (stress and depression) and social effects (social isolation) on carers. Although there is no unified theory accountable for all carers which can predict decided psychosocial effects that will be experienced by all carers, as no single individual or situation is identical. Multiple variables have emerged which appear to mediate psychosocial effects on carers, particularly carers received level of social support (Haley et al., 1987), the stage of dementia (Quinn et al., 2008 Haley Pardo, 1989) and the symptoms expressed (Kinney Stephens, 1989). Although individuals adopting coping mechanisms appear more likely to experience positive psychological effects (satisfaction) and positive social effects (interaction with the patient) of caring for a person living with dementia. Although Indirect mediators not directly related to the dementia suffer per se financial cost of caregiving, induce stress due to financial strain. Future search needs to decipher carers at risk of experiencing negative psychosocial effects and subsequently address interventions aimed at reducing negative psychosocial effects to reduce probability of carers developing not only mental deterioration (depression) but also physiological deterioration (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991).

Biometric Technologies: Advantages and Disadvantages

Biometric Technologies Advantages and Dis goodsAbstract in that location swallow two projects of this project. for the first timely is to come through an objective abbreviation of in stock(predicate) biometric technologies, to pose their strengths and weaknesses and to investigate a huge range of occupation scenario in where biometric techniques ar better than traditional designation and substantiation method.An most other aim is to coach a product. Now a day most of the online banking and financial organization be trying to interchange their existing online banking in open fount Java or in about other open source platform, so that it could be more(prenominal) than reli subject, unsex and difficult for the hacker to hack such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) open source management outline. Most of the administrations ar still employ the login ID and password oddballwrite functionality which is non set at all as whateverbody apprise slide password by employ a hidden Keystroke logger or like this sort of parcel and another line is user gather up to remember so more password and user ID for assorted sack up services. From a statistical observation it found that more than 70% masses write down their Username and password, which displace be stolen, lost and can be misuse by others. If the organizations could combine secure feel bring out or any other biostatistics built in functionality accordingly it could be more secure, reliable, easier and hassle free for the user.To complicate ride from such problem I endure tried to develop such a model of secure sack up service integrating with finger put out credit where users no make to remember or insert anymore user name or password. Although there has lots of password replacement reproduce softw ar available in the merchandise but as my k at a timeledge such softw atomic number 18 doesnt work for tout ensemble platform independent (Java ground) secure sack service . I get to utilize platform-independent Java 2 Platform Enterprise magnetic declination (J2EE), Netbean, Jboss server, sql selective information base and open source bio-sdk to develop this model.PrefaceAlthough this web service has integrated notwithstanding with the fingermark functionality due to limitations of hardw are and other resources but in here has critically investigate about the strengths and the security hole of other biometric functionality, so that in futurity such biostatistics functionality can be imply.Another constraint with regard to this report is clip. To stand more strength and security for that transcription, many features could be added like organic evolution of better algorithm to fix the security hole of the fingerprint software. To get laid with the while changes are an inevitable part of the software or web service development but many gravel been entirely avoided in this caseful as they would not move over added any value to the cor pus affair of this project.Problem Areas for that ProjectBiometrics is a young technology, accordingly relative hardware is not that available in the topical anaesthetic market and they are so expensive to profane soulfulnessally.Unfortunately there is no biometry hardware in the CMSs hardware lab. As hearty as there is no biostatistics software or equipment. It was requested to buy virtually hardware for this thesis solve but unfortunately the university was not agree to buy or manage anything which is relate to biometrics.Many companies of this biometrics fields were requested somevirtuosoally to help or give reading regarding their product but they denied for the marketing reason.There was no biometrics related books in the university library. Moreover the library was unable to provide.So without any practiced and theoretical support it was really hard to gain new melodic theme and to make a new product which is related to the biometrics.Some biometrics hardware has been bought percentagelly for this thesis. With the extraordinary help, advice and encourage from the supervisor this work has been d nonpareil. plane instalment One Background literary productions of BiometricsChapter 2Background Literature of BiometricsNow a day biometrics is a closely cognize term in the entropy technology. The origin of the word biometrics comes from Greek language. Bio means life and metrics means measurement. So the biometrics is related to the measurement of a living thing. further in the reading technology it means an automated surgical procedure where a military man is recognized or identified utilize his/her physiological or behavioural characteristics. The specialized physiological characteristics is collected, quantified, mensural, compared with the previous stored characteristic and decided. So it is the process for the denomination not any innovation.2.1 A short history of biometricsIn the convening life a person has been recognised or identified establish on face, body structure, height, colour, hair etc. So in that nose out the history of biometrics identifiers or characteristics is as old as populace history. In the ancient East Asia, plotters employ their fingerprint on their products which is the identification of individual. In the ancient Egypt the people use some characteristics such as complexion, eye colour, hair, height to identify trusted traders. exactly for a gigantic time biometrics had not been considered as a field of study.At the late 1880, the biometrics gained the lodge in as a field of study. The realisation was Alphonse Bertillon who was an anthropologist and police clerk. He was tried to identify convicted barbarous to others. He counterbalance discovered and menti adeptd that some physical measurement of an adult homophile is ceaseless of time. These gangs of measurements are different to human to human. So these measurements can be apply to recognize an individual from oth er (Scottish Criminal Record Office, 2002a). His theory was know as Bertillonage or anthropometry. That time his theory was appreciated and thought to be well established. The principal(prenominal) measurements which he suggested are given in the demonstrate 2.1. But in the year 1903, it was found that his theory was wrong for the uniform twins. That time an identical twin was found, according to his theory they are single(a) person. So the new theory or new characteristics were looking for the identification.It was verbalize that Sir Edward Henry was the first who interested on finger print for the purpose of identification. He was an Inspector General of Bengal police. In 1986, he ordered to interpret the pris starrs fingerprint as an identification measurement. He tried to introduce the miscellanea strategy of the fingerprint. In the year 1901, Sir Henry was joined as follower Commissi championr of the Scotland Yard. After so a finger print bureau was established. That time the failure of the anthropometry transcription made the finger print strategy well cognize. Finger print system was started to use for the purpose of identification of a person. The system is employ as uniform way still today. automate system to read finger print was first introduced in the archaean 1970s. The first finger-print measurement thingummy was first employ in 1972 which was cognise as Identimeter. This device was utilize at Shearson Hamil named Wall Street Company. The purpose of this device was time keeping and monitoring.Day after day the interest of this biometric system was increased. The decrease of the hardware cost of the computer and improvement of the algorithm increase the look into of the biometrics.2.2 Biometric characteristics2.2.1 General requirements for a characteristic using as a biometric identifierIn the biometric history section, it has been discussed that several characteristics were consider as an identifier of human. But many of them were rejected. fit to the Amberg 2003, if a characteristic can be considered as an identifier for the biometric purpose consequently it should mitigate some requirements such as university (Every human should break that characteristics), uniqueness (That characteristic should be different person to person), permanency (that characteristic should be steadfast) and collect ability (that characteristic should be able to collect and that should in any case be measurable). There are some additive requirement can be applied with a these requirement such as performance (It accuracy should be elevated, it should occupy minimum resources), acceptableness (it should be accept everywhere and it should in addition be acceptable to the future users), fraud resistance (It should have blueer security level and can be resistance to fraudulent), cost effective (it users benefit should be many times higher then its using cost).2.2.2 Classification of the characteristics which can be used as biometric identifiersBiometrics characteristics or identifiers can be categorised into two groups. They are Physiological type manipulateters case and Behavioural type.Physiological type This type of characteristics is related to human body or anatomy. Finger print reading, DNA analysis and face of individual which are frequently used as biometric identifiers of this type. The use of retina and the gladiola lead be prospective future. This type pf characteristic can be split up as genotype and phenotype. A group of people can have the same genotype characteristics. downslope group, DNA analysis these are the two most comm except used genotype characteristics. In contrast to genotype characteristics, phenotype characteristics can be having only single individual, so this type of characteristics is different from person to person. Finger print, retina and iris are this type of characteristic.Behavioural Characteristics This type of the characteristic is related to human beha viour. Signature is the most commonly used characteristics of this type. Human voice analysis and key stoke is another two characteristics which are now also be used. This kind of characteristics is the indirect measurement of the human body. This type of characteristics has been learned or trained therefore these can be different from time to time. But when a human reach in a real age, the change of behaviour is negligible, therefore these type characteristic used as identifiers. In the 2.2 the frequently used biometrics characteristics have been shown.2.2.3 Contrast of the biometrics characteristicsA contrast of biometrics characteristics has been given in the table 2.1. control board 2.1 A contrast of the biometrics characteristics (Jaine et al. 1999)From the table 2.1, it has been said that the physiological characteristics have the better performance then the behavioural characteristics.From the table 2.1, it has also been seen that some biometrics trait can be regarded more universal, unique and permanent then the other. Such as Iris, DNA, body odour and finger print. But the Iris, DNA and body odour are promising, they need future research and Experiment. Their cost is high, so they are not cost effective. So, now in present the finger print is one of the most accepted biometric traits.2.3 march IdentityNow a day society has been changed significantly. In the past, everyone of a community knew everyone. But now a day, globalization has been changed the situation. masss are now interconnected electronically. They are mobile all around the world. So establishing individualism is one of the most important task.2.3.1 Resolving individuation operator of an individualThere are two fundamental problems occurs for this purpose. They are authentication and identification.Authentication problem This problem is also known as substantiation. This problem arises to confirm or denied anyones subscribeed individualism. When any person allegeed an identical ness then this transaction process indispensable a comparison. The comparison occurs between submitted biometric samples and the stored samples for the claimed identity. This process is called a one to one comparison. For an example an automated teller machine (automatic teller instrument) can be considered. For cash dispenser machine the authentication problem has been solved in a two items process. First stage is to occupy a valid ATM card. The second stage is to know the PIN (Personal Identification Number). If anyone know the other persons PIN and possess his/her correspondence ATM card then that person can claimed the identity of the original ATM card owner identity. This kind of fraud activities have been increasing day after day. According to Jain Et Al, 1999, In 1996 ATM associated swindle activities valued in USA 3 billion US dollar. In the other hand biometrics system promotes a system which can overcome this authentication problem.Recognition problem This is also known as identification problem. This problem occurs when a person has been identified from a set guide of database. In this problem the persons data has been compared against the data from the database. It is one to many system. An example would help to clear the concept. To identify a criminal a law en cram officials some time lifted finger print or other data from the crime scene. After then they compare the data with the stored data of known criminal. By this way they world power be able to identify the criminal.According to the UK Biometrics Working separate (2002), all the biometric matters does not included in the title of hitch and identification. and so cardinal more pair of terms has been introduced. These trine pairs are (1) haughty claim of identity and negative claim of identity, (2) Explicit claim of identity and implicit claim of identity, and (3) Genuine claim of identity and imposter claim of identity.Positive claim of identity is also known as commanding identification. In this process the claimed persons identity should have to be enrolled before and known to the system. An example would help to realize the process. An online email account customer enters his or her login name and password into the system, the system compared the combination of these two against a set of data where customer data has been stored before. If the combination of the login name and password has been matched then the user has been verified. The process needs only the login and pass word aught else. So the email provider does not know who is actually using the account.Negative claim of identity has been known as negative identification. In this process the claimed persons identity has not been stored before. So the claimed person can enters only one time, after entering his/her identity has been stored in the system and he or she cannot enters again. Such kind of example is American Social Security. According to the Jain Et Al, 1999, around a billon of U S dollar has been taken out-of-door annually by using manifold identities from the social security benefit in USA.In the case of Explicit ingest of Identity, a person unambiguously declares his identity to the system. The claim may be negative claim or positive claim. His/ her submitted identity has been compared with the stored data in one to one comparison. (One to one comparison has been described in the authentication section). Using ATM card is an example of the positive explicit claim of identity. To realize the negative explicit claim of identity, consider an air port where the face recognition system has been established. If a passenger is similar to a known terrorist person then the system would raise the alarm. Then the passenger needs to claim the explicit negative claim of identity. So the passengers other identity such as finger print, iris etch has been compared against that known terrorist in one to one basis comparison.Implicit claim of identity can be positive o r negative claim. In this process a persons identity has been compared in one to many comparison basis against all stored identities.When anyone claims an square claim to be himself or herself then it is called the genuine claim of identity (UK Biometric Working Group, 2002). In this case his / her identity has been truly matched with the stored identity.Imposter Claim of Identity is the process where anyone claims to be someone else is deceit or glowering (UK Biometric Working Group, 2002). In this case submitted identity does not match with the stored identity.2.3.2 check TechniqueAccording to the Mitnick, 2002, the Verification technique can be divided into three types. They are (1) Knowledge based verification technique, (2) Token based verification technique and (3) Biometric based verification technique.Knowledge based verification systemIn this process some information has been used, that information is individual(a) (combination of pass word/PIN/Memorable words etc), un remarkably the person of the original identity has been supposed to be acquainted with privy information. People may travel from distance to distance, so that their memorable secret information leave behind be with them. So it can be said that it will be suitable to use from a distance or external place.But this type of authentication has some somber draw rear ends. By using trojan horses and Spywares a hacker can know the others secret information. Trojan horses and Spy wares are able to send the key stoke as email. So this cognition based verification is not a secure system. Most of the times people use their known name as secret information for the knowledge based verification system. So, it might be possible for the others to guess. Sometimes people do not change their secret information in the knowledge based verification system for a long time. Their secret information is not secure. Sometimes they keep their sign secret information, so that it might be easy to hack. Man y types of hacking methods have been developed such as dictionary attack, Hybrid methods, brute force attack etc.In comparison to other technologies, this is cheap and has a large level of security stage.Token based verification systemIn this system the claimed identity person should have something which should be used with the secret information. ATM card is an example of the token based verification system. It can be said that it is more secure then the knowledge based verification process because if the token has been lost or stolen then its user can notify.Biometric verification systemIn this system users biometric distinguishing characteristics such as finger print, face, signature, etc have been used which represents the users appearance. These characteristics are moved with the users they are more secure compare to the other two systems. It is quite impracticable to use by the unauthorized person. But this system is relatively costly. very no system is fully secure. All of t he three systems have some serious drawbacks. Secret information can be hacked, unaccredited person can stole the token and use that and it is also possible to reproduction biometric information and later replay those (Woodward Et Al. 2003). In order to counter these drawbacks, multiple verification systems can be used. ATM card is an example of the combination of knowledge based verification system and token based verification system. If in the future, the iris electronic image scanner is available then it will be more secure if iris scanner has been used with the ATM card.2.4 The components of a general biometric system and their functionA general biometric system can be divided into five subsystems. They are (1) information encyclopedism system, (2) Data transmission system, (3) Signal processing system, (4) Data storage system and (5) finding do system. In the 2.2 a general biometric system has been shown.Data acquisition system It has been assumed that every biometric sy stem has two characteristics. They are uniqueness and repeatability. Uniqueness represents that every persons biometric trait is different. It will not be same for the two persons. The repeatability represents that the biometric trait will be same over time. In this acquisition system the sensors measure the users biometric characteristics. These characteristics are said as samples which have definite attributes. The type of presentation and the reader note can collide with the sample qualities.Data Transmission system Most of the cases the data army and processing is not at the same location. So there is a one subsystem which function is to transfer the data. In the data transmission system, condensation and expansion has been functioned depend on the size of the sample. The standard protocol has been used for compression and expansion. When the facial go steady has been sent JPEG format has been used. WSQ format has been used for transferring the data of fingerprint and CELP format has been used for the voice.Data processing system there are three parts of signal processing system. They are (1) feature extraction section (2) quality control section, and (3) material body twin(a) section. At the extraction section the appropriate biometric data has been split from the land information of the sample. This process is called segmentation. For an example, in a face detection system facial image has been separated from the wall or other back ground. After the extraction the quality has been checked. If the quality of the data is very inadequate then another sample has been asked. After this section, the praxis interconnected process has been started. After then the decision making section. feature articled data from the pattern matching section has been stored to the storage section depends on the function of the boilers suit biometric section.Data storage section From the pattern matching section, some have of data has been stored as data storage sec tion as template. The main purpose is to compare with the incoming feature. If the overall system is based on one to one matching then the data storage section can be decentralized but if the overall system has been functioned for the one to many matching then the central data base has been needed. ratiocination making system Quality score and the matching score have been sent to the decision making section from the processing section. The decision making system decide the sample has been accepted or denied. The policy is proper(postnominal) depends on the system security expectation. If the takings of false non match ensuant has been increased then the number of false match will be decreased.2.5 Performance of a biometric systemThe main focus of a biometric system is to ensure the security where only the authorised used can be accepted and non authorised users are denied. The system processing speed is usually given to less priority. The main considerable factors of a biometric system are mainly described by some terms such as visitation to En-roll sum up (FTE), Failure to rent arrange (FTA), treacherously acceptance rate ( far-off), incorrect Rejection rate (FRR), inconclusive suffer value (FMR), treasonably Non flout ordinate (FNMR) etc. dishonest Match Rate (FMR) This represents the serious type of fault of a biometric system. This occurs when an authorised users biometric information match to an unauthorised persons identity. In this case the signal processing system produces a high matching score of a non corresponding template. traitorously Non Match Rate (FNMR) In this case the authorised persons biometric features are unable to produce generous high matching score to qualify. This is the opposite of FMR. One of the main reasons of FNMR is part less quality of the biometric features.Comparison of FMR and FNMR for the different biometric system The main aim of a biometric security system is to reduce the rate of False Match Rate (FMR). On the other hand if the False Non Match Rate can be reduced then the system will be more fast and reliable. But all the time there is a relationship between FMR and FNMR. In the 2.4, relationships have been shown for different biometric system. Higher False Match Rate (FMR) is not acceptable, but for the low FMR the False Non Match Rate (FNMR) is considerably higher in every system.Failure to En-roll Rate (FTE) Sometimes the biometric system cannot make a valid template for some users. Although biometric characteristics are universal but some case there are differences. For an example for a very low number of peoples finger print cannot be enrolled in the system such person who use their hold aggressively such as construction workers or carpenter. So Failure to En-roll rate is the ratio of the number of the people whose biometric features cannot be enrolled to system to the number of the total person who use the system. In the 2.5 a practical discharge result has been shown where Failure to En-roll (FTE) has been measured for the different system (Mansfield Et Al.2001).Failure to determine Rate (FTA) Sometimes the system cannot acquire data of the desired quality due to the readers/sensors, instrumental problem, environmental problem, noise level of data, background data etc. Simply Failure to Acquire Rate (FAR) represents those biometric sample which cannot get high quality score to go the decision making section.False toleration Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) these two terms are related to the False Match Rate and False Non Match Rate. False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) are related to the entire biometric system. On the other hand the False Match Rate and the False Non Match rate are related to the single matching process. So in the case of FAR and FRR, Failure to Acquire Rate of the system should be included. According to Mansfield Et Al.2001, relationships can concluded as followFAR () = (1-FTA) FMR ()FRR () = (1-FT A) FNMR () + FTAHere, FAR- False Acceptance Rate- Decision thresholdFTA- Failure to Acquire RateFMR- False Match RateFRR- False Rejection RateFNMR- False Non Matching RateEach point of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves is corresponded to a definite threshold decision making score which has a incident False Rejection Rate and False Acceptance Rate. For the Forensic purpose, False Rejection Rate should be lowest and for the high security access purpose, False Acceptance Rate should be lowest.Section Two Biometric Technology2.1 Physiological BiometricIn this section has mentioned about the pattern of fingerprint, hand geometry, pattern of iris, facial, retinal and vascular characteristics as a possible biometric identifier.2.1.1 Fingerprint PatternFingerprint is the oldest, democratic and definitely the most widely publicly acceptable mature biometric identifiers. It utterly meets the necessary criteria for of a biometric identifier like universality, distinctively, persistent and collectability.They are impressions of the friction ridges on the surface of the hand. In the most application and in this thesis as well, the primary concern is focused on the ridges located above the end joints of fingers. However, in certain forensic applications, the area of importance is broader including the fingers, the palm tree and the writers palm (WOODWARD ET AL. 2003).Since early 1970 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has initiated extensive research and development efforts on fingerprint identification. Their main aim was to invent an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS), so that it could be helpful for forensic purposes (RUGGLES 1996).2.1.1.1 Feature and TechnologyThere are two main elements in fingerprint matching technique firstly minutiae matching and secondly pattern matching.In the bellows shows regarding the primary technique that analyzes basic minutia typesMacroscopic overview, universal pattern matching, focus on the integral flow of ridges -these could be categorized into three groups loops, whorls and arches. Every individual fingerprint should be fit into one of these three categories that shown in the bellowsNow a day most of the application depends on the minutiae matching. If a fingerprint scan device aim a typical fingerprint image then there could be identify around 30 to 60 minutia patterns. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has support that it is not possible for two individuals, even for monozygotic twins also to have more than eight common minutiae. For matching minutiae are demonstrate with type, shape, co-ordinate location (x,y) and direction. In the bellows has shown about the automated minutiae matching process based on these attributesIn the above describes a case in where the input image (in left) is trying to match against a stored template (in right). 39 minutiae were detected in the input, while the template contained 42 different minutiae. The matching algorithm identified 3 6 matching data points.(Source Prabhakar 2001)In the above , inputted image (in left) has detected 64 minutiae while in the template (in right) contain 65 different minutiae. The algorithm identified 25 completely non-matching data points.There need a see or capture device to obtain such images. Since 1970s, lots of researches have been done to develop and improve such devices. As a result optical, capacitive, ultrasonic, thermoelectric, radio frequence and touch less scanners has invented and now a day most of them beget less expensive and available in the market.Optical device / scanner The first method to capture the fingerprint image was the optical scanning technique. Frustrated total internal reflection is the main principle of the operation of such scanner. In that case the finger is placed on the trumpery platen and illuminated by the laser vindicated. The surface of the finger reflects certain amounts of light depending on the depth of the ridges and valleys and then r eflectance is captured by a CCD (charge-coupled device) photographic camera that constitutes of an array of light sensitive diodes called photosites (OGORMAN 1999).The big advantage of such device is they are cheaper among all of the automated biometric devices and also available in the local market. The disadvantage for such device is it could be easily fooled by impostors. The latent fingerprint left on the scanning surface, its a big drawback of such device as anybody can collect the latent fingerprint image from there to spoof.Optical Scanner Digital Persona has used to integrate the fingerprint scanning support for the product of that project are using popular U.are.U fingerprint recognition systems depicted in the below . In October 2003, the US Department of Defence has chosen digital persona scanner to secure network security at desktops in its offices in Washington, D.C. (digital persona 2009).Capacitive Scanner / devices since their first appearance in 1990, such devices have become very popular. A capacitive scanner is a solid-state device, which incorporates a sensing surface composed of an array of about 100.000 semiconducting plates over which lies a dielectric surface. When a user touches the sensor, the human come up acts as the other side of the array of capacitors. The measurement of voltage at a capacitor decreases with the growing distance between the plates. Therefore, the mental ability measured at the ridges of a fingerprint will be higher than the capacitance measured at the valleys. These measurements are then analyzed in a way similar to a sonar scan of the ocean bottom, resulting in a video signal depicting the surface of the fingerprint (OGORMAN 1999).The advantage of capacitive scanners is its very high accuracy rate. Another big advantages that they are much harder to fool than optical scanners since the process requires living tissue. As the users need to touch the atomic number 14 chip itself, solid-state scanners are susce ptible to motionless discharge (ESD). Recent chip designs were specifically developed to withstand high levels of ESD and frequent handling. modern capacitive device manufacturer like Veridicom claims that their chips will survive around 1 million touches (Ryan 2002).Thermoelectric device It is silicon based. It measures the difference of temperature between the ridges touching the surface of the sensor and the valleys distant from them (OGorman 1999).Although caloric scanning is very promising but it is still an uncommon method. A company named Atmel proponents of this technique. It uses finger sweep method to capture fingerprint in a tiny si

Turkish Migration To Germany History Essay

Turkish Migration To Ger some History EssayIn our vexation we ar discharge to analyze a item case concerning to the atomic number 63an continent. We provide strain on the Turkish migration to Germany and each the consequences and implications it has brought to both countries since its beginnings until straightway.In order to do so we learn to under fend the everyday context of the continent, its history and the heathen backgrounds of the distinct players. We will see the differences in terms of languages, religions and usual behaviors inside(a) the old continent.We will start with basic information about EuropeHistorical political divisionsPopulationCountriesSub-regionsLanguagesFinally we will make a brief review of the actual moorage of Europe and we will leave words about the European Union from its birth until these days (noting its relevance with our specific subject).As the center of the presentation is going to be the Turkish migration to Germany we will go thr ough its history. We can find its roots in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and study its evolution and the conflicts that it has presented.European historyOn the indorse half of the 18th degree centigrade there was a transformation in the British empire on the social and economic structures that would lead to the basis Industrial Revolution in the 19 century. The colonial expansion direct to an increasingly demand on point of intersections, so the empires had to modernize their structures.The industrial alteration brought development for the whole continent in matter of technology and infrastructure, entirely in the end of the 18th century the French Revolution started to operate the actual foundations of the modern Europe. After the establishment of France as a republic, sleep and his campaign, and its posterior deception pro asserting himself emperor, the Empires started to show their own nationalism in different location of the continent. The Italian reunificati on, and the German unification, leaded by Otto Von Bismarck argon two classical employments of the basis of nationalism. These empowered each empire and this would be the trigger of an arms race at the end of the 19th century. The Turkish nationalism finds its beginning on the run low decade of the 19th century.By the beginning of the 20th century several(prenominal)(prenominal) states of Europe had won their independency and the tense dealing among the several empires would lead to the First know leadge base fight in 1914 which faced the Central Powers against the Allied Powers. The result of this contend was the success of the Allied Powers, and the new European order was established after the several treaties like the Versailles agreement. The closely affected empires after the war were the poove Empire (which concluded in 1922) and the German Empire.The Germans were not instead happy with the Versailles Treaty, and specially a military called Adolph Hitler started to promote a new era for the German nationalism. In 1933 Hitler was elected as the new Chancellor of Germany and champion stratum later he proclaims Fhrer and absolute emperor of the 3rd Reich. The fascism promoted by the Reich was influenced by the Italian fascism, and later it would in addition inspire the Spanish fascism. The Hitlers project with the Nazism was defeated in the end of the 2nd domain of a function war in 1945, and qualifyingd once again the European order.After this war the whole continent was in ruins. The human losses and infrastructure change were crushing. Right after the war end, the reconstruction of Europe started with economic founds to stand up the old continent. Most of the states were united for one single object glass and this common feeling would lead to the birth of the communities that later on led to the foundation of todays European Union.European UnionThe EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the European Community. It has make a single marketplace that al small(a)s the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union cite_note-15 Sixteen piece states progress to adopted a common currency, the euro, constituting the Eurozone. The EU has developed a limited role in unlike policy, having representation at the World Trade Organization, G8, G-20 major economies and at the wasteweir in Nations.In certain beas, decisions are made through negotiation amongst member states, while in others independent supranational institutions are creditworthy without a requirement for unanimity between member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every quintette geezerhood by member states citizens, to whom the citizenship of the European Union is guaranteed.The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community formed among six countries in 1951 and the Treaty of Rome formed officially the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy community in 1957 by the same states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and western United States Germany). This was the very showtime origin of the European Community. Since then there read been several enlargements to become in the EU as we know it today.EU enlargements1973- Denmark, Ireland and UK.1981- Greece.1986- Spain and Portugal. The EU flag started to be mappingd.1990- East Germany.1993- Maastricht treaty and official formalisation of the EU.1995- Austria, Sweden and Finland.2002- Euro as a currency.2004- Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech democracy, Slovak Republic and Hungary.2007- Romania and Bu lgaria.Language primordial Speakers totEnglish13%51%German18%32%French12%26%Italian13%16%Spanish9%15%Polish9%10%Dutch5%6%Greek3%3%Czech2%3%Swedish2%3%Hungarian2%2%Portuguese2%2%Catalan1%2%Slovak1%2% Danish1%1%Finnish1%1%Lithuanian1%1%Bulgarian1%1%Romanian1%1%Slovene1%1%1Published in 2006, before theaccession of Bulgaria and Romania.Native Native languageTotal EU citizens able to hold a intercourse in this languageWith 27 member countries and a creation of approximately half a billion, the European Union c everywheres a large business office of Europe. Since its creation, it has worked to bring prosperity and stability to its citizens. Its policies and actions affect all its citizens directly and indirectly.The European Union is the worlds biggest trading power. It accounts for 17% of the world trade (similar to the US), and is in like manner the first investing power in FDI.The European Union has 495 million inhabitants the worlds trinity largest cosmos after China and India. CountryPopulation (millions)China (CN)1 321.8India (IN)1 129.9EU-27495.0United States (US)301Russia (RU)141.4Japan (JP)127.4Eurostat, www.census.govOne of the EUs main aims is economic progress. oer the last 50 historic period, and especially since the 1980s, a great deal has been done to break rarify the barriers between the EUs national economies and to create a single market where goods, people, property and services can move around freely. Trade between EU countries has greatly change magnitude and, at the same time, the EU has become a major world trading power.gross domestic product in billions of euro (2007)CountryGDP (billions euro)EU-2712276.2US10094.5Japan3197.6China*1787.3Russia*610.6*2005Sources IMF, Eurostat.In all EU countries, over 60% of GDP is generated by the service sector (this includes things such as banking, tourism, transport and insurance). Industry and agriculture, although still important, have declined in economic enormousness in recent years.If a c ountry has applied to join the European Union and its application has been officially accepted, it becomes a aspect country. At present there are three candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and bomb.Before a candidate country can join the EU it must have a stable system of democratic government, institutions that verify the rule of law and respect for human rights. It must to a fault have a functioning market frugality and an administration capable of implementing EU laws and policies. The specific membership terms for each candidate country are worked out in negotiations with the European Commission.The candidate countries differ in size, with Turkey by far the largest. Its population is bigger than any current EU member except Germany. Together, the three candidates would increase the total EU population by 16%.When you compare their GDP in PPS per inhabitant, the candidate countries are considerably less wealthy than the EU average. However, Croatia has a per capita GDP which is spirited than those of Bulgaria and Romania, who became EU members in 2007.Economic reforms in recent years have brought great changes in the candidate countries, helping to create new jobs. still employment rates among people of working age in the candidate countries are lower than the EU average.In the candidate countries, as in the EU, services (including tourism) are an important part of the economy. As with the countries that have conjugate the EU since 2004, the candidate countries have a larger share of the population employed in agriculture than the EU-15.GermanyThe federal Republic of Germany is located in central Europe. With more than(prenominal) than 82000.000 people it represents the most populated country among the members of the EU. It is excessively the third biggest international unsettled coating in the world. The reunification of the German States was in October 3rd in 1990 (one year after the fall of the Berlin wall ).Germany stands as the third biggest economy with a GDP of US$ 3.67 trillion. It accounts for GDP per capita of US$ 44.728.Christianism has the biggest representation in Germany accounting for 64% of the population. Islamism is the second one (4%) followed by Buddhism and Judaism (0, 25% each).The German management style is rigorous but not ruinous. The companies fight for market share and not for market domination, in air with the American styles. The managers are always committed with all the processes inside the caller-out in order to follow take methods closely and know their defecate floors intimately.Turkish migration to Germany.The Germanic states have been in contact with Turks since the 17th and 18th centuries when the Ottoman Turks attempted to expand their territories through the Balkans. Two sieges were held in capital of Austria in 1529 and 1683.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany cite_note-7 It was the latter incident that, after the retreat of the Ottom an army, left-hand(a) behind many Islamic Turks who first became permanent residents in Germany. The relaxation of Vienna and the Ottoman retreat left behind large total of Ottoman soldiers and camp followers, either as stragglers or prisoners.Diplomatic relations were established between Berlin and Constantinople (todays Istanbul) in the 18th century, and by the 19th century trading treaties were set up between the two cities. These developments encouraged the cross of citizens between the Ottoman and German states.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany cite_note-11 As a consequence to these developments, the Turkish community in Germany, and particularly in Berlin, grew significantly in the years before the First World War.During the World War I the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire fought as allies. During the postwar period the Turkish governments supported the Federal Germany in all the international instances. Nevertheless as the postwar was left behind and the migration of the Turkish to Germany started to be massive the situation between both countries has been deteriorated.During the Nazi regime and since the beginning of the Second World War, exotic workers were incorporated to the effort intensity level and the industrial production of Germany was held by war prisoners. The evolution of Germany as an immigrant receptor country started in the 50s. Decimated by the war the German soldiers were not able to cover the labor force needed when they came back to their home. Until 1950 this gap in the demand was covered by the fugitives of the East Germanic zones. Since 1959 (and later on with the Berlin Wall in 1961) many German companies suffered a huge lack of qualified workers leading to the contact of working contracts from workers coming from Greece, Spain, Turkey, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia and Yugoslavia.These contracts objectives were to recruit the Gastarbeiter (guest worker) in order to impulse the German miracle. The Gastarbeit er were foreign men that arrived into Germany without their families with the intentional to return to their homelands as soon as possible. This immigration to Germany brought huge benefits for all. The German enterprises could keep their growing rate German government received extra contributions for the payment of pensions from the foreigners without having to pay anything to this free radical of workers. In the other hand the foreign nations could low the unemployment rate and receive specie from Germany, all these because of the money bowted by the workers to their families. Finally the labor qualification of the workers increased in the German companies.In 1965 the foreigners law entered into force, this law made more flexible the permissions for residence and work for the foreigners. Both the entrepreneurs and the foreign workers were convinced that their snag in Germany was temporary, so the term Fremdarbeiter (foreign worker) was officially substituted by Gastarbeiter (g uest worker), making wildness on the provisional status. Later in 1971 the Work Permit club established that the foreigners with more than 5 years in Germany would receive a limited permission to stay another 5 years.These conditions plus the senior high population growth and mass unemployment within Turkey led to a massive migration of Turkish to Germany. By 1973 around 80% of the Turkish in western Europe were living in Germany, and although this share decreased to 70% by 1990, Germany remained by far the most important country of answer for Turkish migrants.In 1978 Germany applied the law of family regrouping law and the comer of migrants feeling for political asylum. After this in 1983 the return to the original country for those who valued to was facilitated by the German government, and in the following years the migratory quantity was negative. Since 1985 the immigration in Germany increased again due to the massive arrival of refugees because of the conflicts in the B alkans.On January 1, 2000, the new Nationality Law entered legal force which introduced elements of the ius soli for foreign children born in Germany for the first time. The law also brought new regulations for full-grown foreigners by reforming the old ones among others a reduction of the necessary time of remain and the introduction of a language test in the naturalization proceeding. This change in law was the first step to solve a line of work in the legal integration of immigrants to Germany which had already become obvious for quite a considerable time. Nowadays from the 2,3 million of Turks living in Germany, totally 700.000 have German passport.Negative sentiments towards immigrants, which have been evident in most industrialized countries during the last decade, are often expressed as fears that immigrants adversely affect the economic welfare of the native population. Immigrants are often perceived as a burden for the public budget as they allegedly pay less tax and co ntributions, on the one hand, but claim more benefits and disproportionately consume Government-provided goods and services.The effects of globalization on the labor market in European countries have become a major paying back of public debate. The concern is that either jobs will be exported to low wage countries, or that immigrants will replace domestic workers in the destination country or depress local wages. Trade theory suggests that the mobility of occurrenceors of production reduces returns to the chemical element that is imported, and increases returns to other factors. Therefore, high-skilled migrants, for instance, should reduce salaries for high-skilled labor (as the offer of high-skilled labor is now more plentiful) and increase returns to capital and low-skilled workers. A major topic in the discussion on the impact of immigration on labor markets is the issue whether natives and foreigners are substitutes or whether foreign workers complement Germans in production. But overall, migrants have little aggregate effect on native wages and employment, though they can have more of an effect on different subgroups of natives. It is of self-colored importance for the evaluation of the effects of immigration to know in which industries migrants work. In 2003 almost 60 % of immigrants were employed in the tertiary sector. A high percentage was also employed in manufacturing and construction. Over the past 20 years, there is a shift in sector distribution of migrant employees towards the tertiary sector.For a long time immigrants to innovational economies were viewed as workers who were pre-dominantly envisioned as suppliers of cheap low-skilled labor. More recently, attention has shifted toward immigrants who start their own businesses. freelance(a) or immigrant entrepreneurs have set up shop all over the western world and shaped the cosmopolitan look of many advanced economies. Self-employment by immigrants provides important socio-economic benefit s for those directly involved in this process, as salutary as to the broader immigrant community and the immigrants host country.In terms of consumption, immigrants have also an important impact. Turkish Studies estimated, based on a survey of Turkish and German households, total consumption volume of Turkish community in Germany to be about 10 Billion German Mark in 1992. Over 45,000 Turks have purchased either a flat or a house in Germany. They make up a significant consumer group in the housing, car and stock exchange markets and show more disport in consumer goods than Germans. The study concludes that Turkish households have higher consumption than German households.This finding is to some extent in contradiction with a general expectation in the relevant literature that migrants have a much higher savings ratio than natives. It is due to migrants expectation of their future income to fall if they have a positive probability of returning home, or an assumed higher marginal u tility of consumption in their home country. Immigrants remit the bulk of their savings to their families back home.The political and academic debate on the cultural context of migration has so far focused on the Muslim minority though, which nowadays accounts for 3 % of the total population of Ger-many. Due to the fact that the legal age of Muslim migrants have settled down permanently in Germany, members of the Muslim community have been working towards establishing their own institutions and practicing their traditional rites in Germany. These efforts include the construction of representative mosques and Muslim cemeteries, the practice of Muslim sepulchre rituals, dress codes, the ritual slaughtering of animals or the introduction of Islamic religious learning at public schools. Particularly the construction of mosques and cemeteries results in visible changes of German cityscapes There are no longer just numerous in conspicuous backyard mosques, but also representative Mosqu e complexes. On account of their architecture, size and symbolic significance, such building plans have in almost all cases triggered controversy within local communities.There can be discover impacts in all the fields (not only economic or religious). The German eating habits and the restaurant scene have fundamentally changed over the last decades Non-German produce and meals have become an integral part of everyday feeling for almost everybody. The large number of ethnic food stores offering non-German products, above all Turkish greengrocers and the Asia Shop, also draw many customers from the receiving society. The prime example is the Turkish Dner, or kebab, which has become the most popular case of fast food in Germany. Since the end of the 1990s, kebabs have become the product with the highest sales figures on the German restaurant market.Migration and the media has been a topic astray elaborated. Two aspects appear to be particularly relevant Immigrants as media consume rs and producers, as well as immigrants as topics of reports in the German media. The German media market offers a wide range of products for non-Germans, most of them being monolingual and addressing one nationality only. Over fifty non-German newspapers are produced in Germany among the languages of former guest workers the majority of them being published are in Turkish. Additionally, there is a Turkish radio station in Berlin. In addition, there have also been plans for setting up a German-Turkish TV channel. At the same time, German-Turkish celluloid and television companies play a more important role on the German media market.ConclusionsEurope has been characterized through all its history for its ethno-diversity due to several intercultural encounters.The creation of the European Union and all its laws has consolidated even more the cultural mixture environment inside the continent.Because of being the first economy in the world, the EU constitutes an attractive market for migrant workers from both its member and non-member States.The actual situation in Germany with the Turks is the result of the evolution of 400 years of tight relations between both cultures.The II World War and the lack of men hand labor was a critical factor that triggered the migration to Germany.The specific conditions and relations allowed that a huge part of these migrants to be Turkish.Turkish migrants still represents a relevant source of hand labor and entrepreneurship in Germany.Turkish represents the majority of the minorities in Germany.The immigrants influence in Germany can be seen not only in the economic terms but also in all the social, political, religious and cultural issues that involve a cross-cultural encounter.MethodologyThis work is going to be presented in the course Organizations and cultures, as an oral exposition on Thursday 22nd April 2010. We will use Microsoft Power Point slides and some other multimedia backup.