Turkish Migration To Germany History Essay

Turkish Migration To Ger some History EssayIn our vexation we ar discharge to analyze a item case concerning to the atomic number 63an continent. We provide strain on the Turkish migration to Germany and each the consequences and implications it has brought to both countries since its beginnings until straightway.In order to do so we learn to under fend the everyday context of the continent, its history and the heathen backgrounds of the distinct players. We will see the differences in terms of languages, religions and usual behaviors inside(a) the old continent.We will start with basic information about EuropeHistorical political divisionsPopulationCountriesSub-regionsLanguagesFinally we will make a brief review of the actual moorage of Europe and we will leave words about the European Union from its birth until these days (noting its relevance with our specific subject).As the center of the presentation is going to be the Turkish migration to Germany we will go thr ough its history. We can find its roots in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and study its evolution and the conflicts that it has presented.European historyOn the indorse half of the 18th degree centigrade there was a transformation in the British empire on the social and economic structures that would lead to the basis Industrial Revolution in the 19 century. The colonial expansion direct to an increasingly demand on point of intersections, so the empires had to modernize their structures.The industrial alteration brought development for the whole continent in matter of technology and infrastructure, entirely in the end of the 18th century the French Revolution started to operate the actual foundations of the modern Europe. After the establishment of France as a republic, sleep and his campaign, and its posterior deception pro asserting himself emperor, the Empires started to show their own nationalism in different location of the continent. The Italian reunificati on, and the German unification, leaded by Otto Von Bismarck argon two classical employments of the basis of nationalism. These empowered each empire and this would be the trigger of an arms race at the end of the 19th century. The Turkish nationalism finds its beginning on the run low decade of the 19th century.By the beginning of the 20th century several(prenominal)(prenominal) states of Europe had won their independency and the tense dealing among the several empires would lead to the First know leadge base fight in 1914 which faced the Central Powers against the Allied Powers. The result of this contend was the success of the Allied Powers, and the new European order was established after the several treaties like the Versailles agreement. The closely affected empires after the war were the poove Empire (which concluded in 1922) and the German Empire.The Germans were not instead happy with the Versailles Treaty, and specially a military called Adolph Hitler started to promote a new era for the German nationalism. In 1933 Hitler was elected as the new Chancellor of Germany and champion stratum later he proclaims Fhrer and absolute emperor of the 3rd Reich. The fascism promoted by the Reich was influenced by the Italian fascism, and later it would in addition inspire the Spanish fascism. The Hitlers project with the Nazism was defeated in the end of the 2nd domain of a function war in 1945, and qualifyingd once again the European order.After this war the whole continent was in ruins. The human losses and infrastructure change were crushing. Right after the war end, the reconstruction of Europe started with economic founds to stand up the old continent. Most of the states were united for one single object glass and this common feeling would lead to the birth of the communities that later on led to the foundation of todays European Union.European UnionThe EU was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the European Community. It has make a single marketplace that al small(a)s the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union cite_note-15 Sixteen piece states progress to adopted a common currency, the euro, constituting the Eurozone. The EU has developed a limited role in unlike policy, having representation at the World Trade Organization, G8, G-20 major economies and at the wasteweir in Nations.In certain beas, decisions are made through negotiation amongst member states, while in others independent supranational institutions are creditworthy without a requirement for unanimity between member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every quintette geezerhood by member states citizens, to whom the citizenship of the European Union is guaranteed.The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community formed among six countries in 1951 and the Treaty of Rome formed officially the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy community in 1957 by the same states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands and western United States Germany). This was the very showtime origin of the European Community. Since then there read been several enlargements to become in the EU as we know it today.EU enlargements1973- Denmark, Ireland and UK.1981- Greece.1986- Spain and Portugal. The EU flag started to be mappingd.1990- East Germany.1993- Maastricht treaty and official formalisation of the EU.1995- Austria, Sweden and Finland.2002- Euro as a currency.2004- Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech democracy, Slovak Republic and Hungary.2007- Romania and Bu lgaria.Language primordial Speakers totEnglish13%51%German18%32%French12%26%Italian13%16%Spanish9%15%Polish9%10%Dutch5%6%Greek3%3%Czech2%3%Swedish2%3%Hungarian2%2%Portuguese2%2%Catalan1%2%Slovak1%2% Danish1%1%Finnish1%1%Lithuanian1%1%Bulgarian1%1%Romanian1%1%Slovene1%1%1Published in 2006, before theaccession of Bulgaria and Romania.Native Native languageTotal EU citizens able to hold a intercourse in this languageWith 27 member countries and a creation of approximately half a billion, the European Union c everywheres a large business office of Europe. Since its creation, it has worked to bring prosperity and stability to its citizens. Its policies and actions affect all its citizens directly and indirectly.The European Union is the worlds biggest trading power. It accounts for 17% of the world trade (similar to the US), and is in like manner the first investing power in FDI.The European Union has 495 million inhabitants the worlds trinity largest cosmos after China and India. CountryPopulation (millions)China (CN)1 321.8India (IN)1 129.9EU-27495.0United States (US)301Russia (RU)141.4Japan (JP)127.4Eurostat, www.census.govOne of the EUs main aims is economic progress. oer the last 50 historic period, and especially since the 1980s, a great deal has been done to break rarify the barriers between the EUs national economies and to create a single market where goods, people, property and services can move around freely. Trade between EU countries has greatly change magnitude and, at the same time, the EU has become a major world trading power.gross domestic product in billions of euro (2007)CountryGDP (billions euro)EU-2712276.2US10094.5Japan3197.6China*1787.3Russia*610.6*2005Sources IMF, Eurostat.In all EU countries, over 60% of GDP is generated by the service sector (this includes things such as banking, tourism, transport and insurance). Industry and agriculture, although still important, have declined in economic enormousness in recent years.If a c ountry has applied to join the European Union and its application has been officially accepted, it becomes a aspect country. At present there are three candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and bomb.Before a candidate country can join the EU it must have a stable system of democratic government, institutions that verify the rule of law and respect for human rights. It must to a fault have a functioning market frugality and an administration capable of implementing EU laws and policies. The specific membership terms for each candidate country are worked out in negotiations with the European Commission.The candidate countries differ in size, with Turkey by far the largest. Its population is bigger than any current EU member except Germany. Together, the three candidates would increase the total EU population by 16%.When you compare their GDP in PPS per inhabitant, the candidate countries are considerably less wealthy than the EU average. However, Croatia has a per capita GDP which is spirited than those of Bulgaria and Romania, who became EU members in 2007.Economic reforms in recent years have brought great changes in the candidate countries, helping to create new jobs. still employment rates among people of working age in the candidate countries are lower than the EU average.In the candidate countries, as in the EU, services (including tourism) are an important part of the economy. As with the countries that have conjugate the EU since 2004, the candidate countries have a larger share of the population employed in agriculture than the EU-15.GermanyThe federal Republic of Germany is located in central Europe. With more than(prenominal) than 82000.000 people it represents the most populated country among the members of the EU. It is excessively the third biggest international unsettled coating in the world. The reunification of the German States was in October 3rd in 1990 (one year after the fall of the Berlin wall ).Germany stands as the third biggest economy with a GDP of US$ 3.67 trillion. It accounts for GDP per capita of US$ 44.728.Christianism has the biggest representation in Germany accounting for 64% of the population. Islamism is the second one (4%) followed by Buddhism and Judaism (0, 25% each).The German management style is rigorous but not ruinous. The companies fight for market share and not for market domination, in air with the American styles. The managers are always committed with all the processes inside the caller-out in order to follow take methods closely and know their defecate floors intimately.Turkish migration to Germany.The Germanic states have been in contact with Turks since the 17th and 18th centuries when the Ottoman Turks attempted to expand their territories through the Balkans. Two sieges were held in capital of Austria in 1529 and 1683.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany cite_note-7 It was the latter incident that, after the retreat of the Ottom an army, left-hand(a) behind many Islamic Turks who first became permanent residents in Germany. The relaxation of Vienna and the Ottoman retreat left behind large total of Ottoman soldiers and camp followers, either as stragglers or prisoners.Diplomatic relations were established between Berlin and Constantinople (todays Istanbul) in the 18th century, and by the 19th century trading treaties were set up between the two cities. These developments encouraged the cross of citizens between the Ottoman and German states.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks_in_Germany cite_note-11 As a consequence to these developments, the Turkish community in Germany, and particularly in Berlin, grew significantly in the years before the First World War.During the World War I the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire fought as allies. During the postwar period the Turkish governments supported the Federal Germany in all the international instances. Nevertheless as the postwar was left behind and the migration of the Turkish to Germany started to be massive the situation between both countries has been deteriorated.During the Nazi regime and since the beginning of the Second World War, exotic workers were incorporated to the effort intensity level and the industrial production of Germany was held by war prisoners. The evolution of Germany as an immigrant receptor country started in the 50s. Decimated by the war the German soldiers were not able to cover the labor force needed when they came back to their home. Until 1950 this gap in the demand was covered by the fugitives of the East Germanic zones. Since 1959 (and later on with the Berlin Wall in 1961) many German companies suffered a huge lack of qualified workers leading to the contact of working contracts from workers coming from Greece, Spain, Turkey, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia and Yugoslavia.These contracts objectives were to recruit the Gastarbeiter (guest worker) in order to impulse the German miracle. The Gastarbeit er were foreign men that arrived into Germany without their families with the intentional to return to their homelands as soon as possible. This immigration to Germany brought huge benefits for all. The German enterprises could keep their growing rate German government received extra contributions for the payment of pensions from the foreigners without having to pay anything to this free radical of workers. In the other hand the foreign nations could low the unemployment rate and receive specie from Germany, all these because of the money bowted by the workers to their families. Finally the labor qualification of the workers increased in the German companies.In 1965 the foreigners law entered into force, this law made more flexible the permissions for residence and work for the foreigners. Both the entrepreneurs and the foreign workers were convinced that their snag in Germany was temporary, so the term Fremdarbeiter (foreign worker) was officially substituted by Gastarbeiter (g uest worker), making wildness on the provisional status. Later in 1971 the Work Permit club established that the foreigners with more than 5 years in Germany would receive a limited permission to stay another 5 years.These conditions plus the senior high population growth and mass unemployment within Turkey led to a massive migration of Turkish to Germany. By 1973 around 80% of the Turkish in western Europe were living in Germany, and although this share decreased to 70% by 1990, Germany remained by far the most important country of answer for Turkish migrants.In 1978 Germany applied the law of family regrouping law and the comer of migrants feeling for political asylum. After this in 1983 the return to the original country for those who valued to was facilitated by the German government, and in the following years the migratory quantity was negative. Since 1985 the immigration in Germany increased again due to the massive arrival of refugees because of the conflicts in the B alkans.On January 1, 2000, the new Nationality Law entered legal force which introduced elements of the ius soli for foreign children born in Germany for the first time. The law also brought new regulations for full-grown foreigners by reforming the old ones among others a reduction of the necessary time of remain and the introduction of a language test in the naturalization proceeding. This change in law was the first step to solve a line of work in the legal integration of immigrants to Germany which had already become obvious for quite a considerable time. Nowadays from the 2,3 million of Turks living in Germany, totally 700.000 have German passport.Negative sentiments towards immigrants, which have been evident in most industrialized countries during the last decade, are often expressed as fears that immigrants adversely affect the economic welfare of the native population. Immigrants are often perceived as a burden for the public budget as they allegedly pay less tax and co ntributions, on the one hand, but claim more benefits and disproportionately consume Government-provided goods and services.The effects of globalization on the labor market in European countries have become a major paying back of public debate. The concern is that either jobs will be exported to low wage countries, or that immigrants will replace domestic workers in the destination country or depress local wages. Trade theory suggests that the mobility of occurrenceors of production reduces returns to the chemical element that is imported, and increases returns to other factors. Therefore, high-skilled migrants, for instance, should reduce salaries for high-skilled labor (as the offer of high-skilled labor is now more plentiful) and increase returns to capital and low-skilled workers. A major topic in the discussion on the impact of immigration on labor markets is the issue whether natives and foreigners are substitutes or whether foreign workers complement Germans in production. But overall, migrants have little aggregate effect on native wages and employment, though they can have more of an effect on different subgroups of natives. It is of self-colored importance for the evaluation of the effects of immigration to know in which industries migrants work. In 2003 almost 60 % of immigrants were employed in the tertiary sector. A high percentage was also employed in manufacturing and construction. Over the past 20 years, there is a shift in sector distribution of migrant employees towards the tertiary sector.For a long time immigrants to innovational economies were viewed as workers who were pre-dominantly envisioned as suppliers of cheap low-skilled labor. More recently, attention has shifted toward immigrants who start their own businesses. freelance(a) or immigrant entrepreneurs have set up shop all over the western world and shaped the cosmopolitan look of many advanced economies. Self-employment by immigrants provides important socio-economic benefit s for those directly involved in this process, as salutary as to the broader immigrant community and the immigrants host country.In terms of consumption, immigrants have also an important impact. Turkish Studies estimated, based on a survey of Turkish and German households, total consumption volume of Turkish community in Germany to be about 10 Billion German Mark in 1992. Over 45,000 Turks have purchased either a flat or a house in Germany. They make up a significant consumer group in the housing, car and stock exchange markets and show more disport in consumer goods than Germans. The study concludes that Turkish households have higher consumption than German households.This finding is to some extent in contradiction with a general expectation in the relevant literature that migrants have a much higher savings ratio than natives. It is due to migrants expectation of their future income to fall if they have a positive probability of returning home, or an assumed higher marginal u tility of consumption in their home country. Immigrants remit the bulk of their savings to their families back home.The political and academic debate on the cultural context of migration has so far focused on the Muslim minority though, which nowadays accounts for 3 % of the total population of Ger-many. Due to the fact that the legal age of Muslim migrants have settled down permanently in Germany, members of the Muslim community have been working towards establishing their own institutions and practicing their traditional rites in Germany. These efforts include the construction of representative mosques and Muslim cemeteries, the practice of Muslim sepulchre rituals, dress codes, the ritual slaughtering of animals or the introduction of Islamic religious learning at public schools. Particularly the construction of mosques and cemeteries results in visible changes of German cityscapes There are no longer just numerous in conspicuous backyard mosques, but also representative Mosqu e complexes. On account of their architecture, size and symbolic significance, such building plans have in almost all cases triggered controversy within local communities.There can be discover impacts in all the fields (not only economic or religious). The German eating habits and the restaurant scene have fundamentally changed over the last decades Non-German produce and meals have become an integral part of everyday feeling for almost everybody. The large number of ethnic food stores offering non-German products, above all Turkish greengrocers and the Asia Shop, also draw many customers from the receiving society. The prime example is the Turkish Dner, or kebab, which has become the most popular case of fast food in Germany. Since the end of the 1990s, kebabs have become the product with the highest sales figures on the German restaurant market.Migration and the media has been a topic astray elaborated. Two aspects appear to be particularly relevant Immigrants as media consume rs and producers, as well as immigrants as topics of reports in the German media. The German media market offers a wide range of products for non-Germans, most of them being monolingual and addressing one nationality only. Over fifty non-German newspapers are produced in Germany among the languages of former guest workers the majority of them being published are in Turkish. Additionally, there is a Turkish radio station in Berlin. In addition, there have also been plans for setting up a German-Turkish TV channel. At the same time, German-Turkish celluloid and television companies play a more important role on the German media market.ConclusionsEurope has been characterized through all its history for its ethno-diversity due to several intercultural encounters.The creation of the European Union and all its laws has consolidated even more the cultural mixture environment inside the continent.Because of being the first economy in the world, the EU constitutes an attractive market for migrant workers from both its member and non-member States.The actual situation in Germany with the Turks is the result of the evolution of 400 years of tight relations between both cultures.The II World War and the lack of men hand labor was a critical factor that triggered the migration to Germany.The specific conditions and relations allowed that a huge part of these migrants to be Turkish.Turkish migrants still represents a relevant source of hand labor and entrepreneurship in Germany.Turkish represents the majority of the minorities in Germany.The immigrants influence in Germany can be seen not only in the economic terms but also in all the social, political, religious and cultural issues that involve a cross-cultural encounter.MethodologyThis work is going to be presented in the course Organizations and cultures, as an oral exposition on Thursday 22nd April 2010. We will use Microsoft Power Point slides and some other multimedia backup.